Urethral polyps are a rare finding in children. Urethral fibroepithelial polyps are usually discovered in the first decade of life. They present with voiding dysfunction, obstructive and irritative urinary symptoms, and hematuria. They may be associated with other congenital urinary tract anomalies. Histopathologically, they are usually benign lesions with no tendency to recurrence and are trea...

Situs inversus with dextrocardia is an uncommon condition and is present in approximately 0.02% of the general population. Infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a congenital anomaly found in 1.3%–3.0% of patients with congenital heart disease, and it occurs in 8– 18% of patients with dextrocardia. In this condition, the IVC is interrupted above the renal branches, and sys...

BACKGROUND Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) after repair of congenital heart disease can be difficult because of nonmappable VTs and complex anatomy. Insights into the relation between anatomic isthmuses identified by delineating unexcitable tissue using substrate mapping techniques and critical reentry circuit isthmuses might facilitate ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS Sinus rh...

Twin AV nodal reentrant tachycardia most commonly occurs in patients with complex congenital heart disease who have two distinct AV nodes, His bundles, and non-preexcited QRS morphologies. Catheter ablation of the weaker AV node may be hindered by anatomical complexities. In such cases, remote magnetic guidance offers a potentially effective solution.

We present a case of pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis after radio-frequency (RF) ablation, in which a hemodynamic change in the pulmonary artery was similar to that of congenital PV atresia on time-resolved contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (TR-MRA). A 48-year-old man underwent RF ablation due to atrial fibrillation. The patient subsequently complained of hemoptysis, dyspnea on exert...

accessory pathways (ap) are abnormal myocardial connections between atria and ventricles with electrical conductive properties. we performed radio frequency (rf) catheter ablation in 66 patients with manifest ap at dr.shariati hospital during 5 years. bipolar mapping was used in 48 patients and unipolar mapping in 18 patients of find the best site for rf energy delivery. we calculated total dur...

ventricular pre-excitation, as indicated via electrocardiogram) have a 30 percent chance of complete resolution by 12 months of age with no need for lifelong therapy or interventions. On the other hand, if SVT is present in a child who is 5 years of age or older, 78 percent to 90 percent continue to have recurrent SVT at follow-up. For most children with SVT, sudden death is not an issue; howev...

In children with structurally normal hearts, the mechanisms of arrhythmias are usually the same as in the adult patient. Some arrhythmias are particularly associated with young age and very rarely seen in adult patients. Arrhythmias in structural heart disease may be associated either with the underlying abnormality or result from surgical intervention. Chronic haemodynamic stress of congenital...

Background Radio-frequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in children is difficult because the size of heart chamber change with age and the catheter made for adults is not appropriate for a child. Three-dimensional (3D) images for electroanatomic mapping (EAM) have been used to create from images of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) which need to perform entailed by contrast medium injection...

background: energy deficit is a common and serious problem in pediatric intensive care units. parenteral nutrition, either alone or in combination with enteral nutrition, can improve nutrient delivery in critically ill patients by preventing or correcting the energy deficit and improving the outcomes. intralipid 10% and 20% are lipid emulsions, widely used in parenteral nutrition. despite sever...