This article evaluates three proposed laws of semantic change. Our claim is that in order to validate a putative law of semantic change, the effect should be observed in the genuine condition but absent or reduced in a suitably matched control condition, in which no change can possibly have taken place. Our analysis shows that the effects reported in recent literature must be substantially revi...

This study introduces the Constructed Response Analysis Tool (CRAT), a freely available tool to automatically assess student responses in online tutoring systems. The study tests CRAT on a dataset of chemistry responses collected in the ChemVLab+. The findings indicate that CRAT can differentiate and classify student responses based on semantic overlap with student input and indices related to ...

objective: it has been shown that berberine, a major component of berberis vulgaris extract, modulates the activity of several neurotransmitter systems including dopamine (da) and n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) contributing to rewarding and reinforcing effects of morphine. drug craving and relapsing even after a long time of abstinence therapy are the most important problems of addiction. in the p...

Lakoff (1975), a pioneering study of women’s language, suggested a tendency for women to use more of hedges and intensifiers. Subsequent studies still attract some opposing (Fahy, 2002; Nemati and Bayer, 2007) or reinforcing (Bradac et al., 1995; Navalainen, 2008) views. This paper shows how a key word analysis offers an empirical evidence on the use of intensifying adverbs in male and female s...

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In an earlier paper, we have described final part-word repetitions in the conversational speech of two school-age boys of normal intelligence with no known neurological lesions. In this paper we explore in more detail the phonetic and linguistic characteristics of the speech of the boys. The repeated word fragments were more likely to be preceded by a pause than followed by one. The word immedi...

The paradigm shift in collagen research during the early 1970s marked by the discovery of the collagen precursor molecule procollagen was traced using cocitation analysis and title word frequency determination, confirming previous work performed by Henry Small.