Coffee is of global importance, ranking second to petroleum in the world commodity trade. Moreover, coffee is of particular importance as a major export commodity in many low-income and developing countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Coffee was one of the first commodity in which control over world trade was attempted. Brazil, producing from 75 to 90 percent of the world’s coffee in the...

Coffee is of global importance, ranking second to petroleum in the world commodity trade. Moreover, coffee is of particular importance as a major export commodity in many low-income and developing countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Coffee was one of the first commodity in which control over world trade was attempted. Brazil, producing from 75 to 90 percent of the world’s coffee in the...

Making agreements on how to behave has been shown to be an evolutionarily viable strategy in one-shot social dilemmas. However, in many situations agreements aim to establish long-term mutually beneficial interactions. Our analytical and numerical results reveal for the first time under which conditions revenge, apology and forgiveness can evolve and deal with mistakes within ongoing agreements...

Public-sector entities responsible for procurement of essential medicines and health commodities in developing countries often lack the technical capacity to efficiently ensure supply security. Under strict public scrutiny and pressures to be transparent, many agencies continue to use archaic procurement methods and to depend on inflexible forecasts and cumbersome tendering processes. On the ba...

Regional trade is equally important for countries as international trade. The Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (PIFS) the body that facilitates regional in by implementing and upholding free agreements between its member countries. This paper looks at Fiji part of determines export levels commodities with partners. Fiji’s 2019 totals $1,032,914.40 (US thousand) which approximately forty-one pe...

In the last few decades, the effects of cooperative R&D arrangements on innovation and welfare have played an important role in policy making. Both the US and the EU have legislation in place providing for lenient antitrust treatment of such cooperative agreements. The goal of this paper is to analyze the effects of cooperative R&D arrangements in a model with a stochastic R&D process and outpu...