In recent decades, the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens has become a major threat to public health. Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance genes by the mobilization and transfer of resistance genes from a donor strain. The human gut contains a densely populated microbial ecosystem, termed the gut microbiota, which offers ample opportunities for the hor...

Since the advent of microbiology, it has been well known that each human body hosts a multitude of microbes. The magnitude of our microbial system is best reflected by the widely discussed ratio of one human cell to ten microbes. Indeed, humans and other mammals live in a consortium composed of vast arrays of viruses (these are typically called the virome), archaea and bacteria (i.e., the micro...

ated, he proposed that the life cycle of D. folliculorum mites was about 14.5 days. He also demonstrated that all life stages of these mites were negatively phototaxic, that is they were more mobile in a dark environment and relatively inert when bright light was shone on them. However, until optimal in vitro culture techniques and conditions allow Demodex proliferation in the laboratory, the t...

The adaptive immune system provides critical defense against pathogenic bacteria. Commensal bacteria have begun to receive much attention in recent years, especially in the gut where there is growing evidence of complex interactions with the adaptive immune system. In the present study, we observed that commensal skin bacteria are recognized by major populations of T cells in skin-draining lymp...

ated, he proposed that the life cycle of D. folliculorum mites was about 14.5 days. He also demonstrated that all life stages of these mites were negatively phototaxic, that is they were more mobile in a dark environment and relatively inert when bright light was shone on them. However, until optimal in vitro culture techniques and conditions allow Demodex proliferation in the laboratory, the t...

Large discrepancies in the available data on skin microbiology stimulated investigations of the number, interactions, and location of commensals and the true efficiency of disinfection by using skin biopsy, culture of frozen sections, and other methods.Most current procedures were less than 0.5% as sensitive as the biopsy method described. This gave mean bacterial counts ranging from 4,400/cm(2...