[1] We have developed an automated observatory for measuring atmospheric column abundances of CO2 and O2 using near-infrared spectra of the Sun obtained with a high spectral resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). This is the first dedicated laboratory in a new network of ground-based observatories named the Total Carbon Column Observing Network. This network will be used for carbon cy...

Global maps of carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fraction (in units of parts per million) in the lower atmosphere are important tools for climate research since they can help identify sources and sinks of CO2. No satellite instrument currently provides estimates of the lower-atmosphere CO2, though inferences are possible using data from existing instruments. Two remote sensing instruments, the Orbiting...

We provide in this paper a pair of properties that are both necessary and sufficient to characterize the domain of single-peaked preference profiles. This characterization allows for a definition of single-peaked preference profiles without using an ad-hoc unlerlying order of the alternatives and also sheds light on the structure of single-peaked profiles. Considering the larger domain of value...

We confirm and discuss recently discovered cold HI clouds with column densities among the lowest ever detected. The column densities of Cold Neutral Medium (CNM) towards 3C286 and 3C287 are ∼ 10 cm, below an observational lower limit, and also below tiny-scale-atomic clouds detected by VLBI and time-variable profiles against pulsars. These column densities are close to the minimum imposed by th...

Through its ‘Column Targeting Tools’ the Aspen plus simulator performs the ‘Thermal Analysis’ for rigorous column (RadFrac) calculations and produce Column Grand Composite Curves (CGCC) and exergy loss profiles. The CGCC displays the net enthalpies for the actual and ideal operations at each stage, and the cold and hot heat utility requirements, while the exergy loss profiles indicate the level...

The usability of a state of the art CFD simulation package as a tool for analyzing the fluid-dynamic performance of internals encountered in packed distillation columns, such as initial gas distributors, liquid distributors and liquid collectors is demonstrated. A 1.4 ID column hydraulics simulator was used to provide detailed experimental evidence on the gas distribution pattern imposed by var...