Throughout its relatively short history as a British colony, Hong Kong has had to withstand many crises of a diverse nature. Typhoons, droughts, floods, economic recessions, war, influxes of refugees and riots have, at one time or another, created emergency situations for both the administration and the people of Hong Kong. However, one crisis now long forgotten, but for the records kept in dus...

The function of the sanitary service in war is to keep the greatest possible number of men in the firing line, by excluding preventable disease from the fighting force. We now fully recognise that in tropical and subtropical countries, more than in temperate regions, it is infective disease, rather than injuries inflicted by the enemy, that depletes the fighting ranks. The war statistics of all...

In the hot summer months of nineteenth-century colonial Australia, a quiet dread descended upon parents of the very young. Diarrhoea was about to assert its role as the greatest single threat to the lives of their infants.1 Between 1875 and 1900 Australian vital statistical records matched those of Europe, Britain and America,2 revealing a pattern in which infant diarrhoeal mortality accounted ...

The historical aspects of animal medicine indicate an epistemological break with the old practices of animal medical treatment, with introduction of the principles of rationality in the eighteenth century in the formation of veterinary doctors. These healing practices, meanwhile, did not begin with the implementation of graduate courses in animal medicine. In colonial Brazil and, in particular,...

The major factors of insecurity in the East, away from the security of geopolitical area were because of the formation of political management in the nineteenth century colonial style. The security factor in the vast region of the East that encompasses at least three countries of Iran and Afghanistan and Pakistan is very important and highly effective. It reached its peak colonial Anglo-Russian...

Preamble The phenomenon of Caste has aroused more controversy than any other aspect of Indian life and thought. Some see India’s caste system as the defining feature of Indian culture and some have dismissed it as a colonial artefact. Since the days of the British rule, both historians and anthropologists referred to India as a ‘caste society’. Obviously this is an overstatement of the importan...

Species of oligochaetes inhabiting other freshwater animals have been cited by Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1980; Righi, 1984; Brinkhurst & Marchese, 1991. However, there are few published studies about the Brazilian species (Righi, 1984). Here, we report oligochaeta species inhabiting freshwater sponges, as well as on bryozoans and hydrozoans from some Brazilian aquatic ecosystems. The material was ...

This article examines controversies surrounding the implementation of the first colonial indigenous health service, the Assistance Médicale, in Cambodia. It characterizes individual and group behaviours in the immediate social conditions of colonial Cambodian society, as well as some of the paradoxes of the modernization narrative ascribed to the colonial science of this period. This discussion...

A researcher in the field of history pays attention to the science of the historiographies characteristics presented by different sects. The present study aimed to survey the most important features of Orientalist historiography in contemporary Iran. Based on the results, the components of colonial Orientalist historiography origins are as follows: the distortion and denial of Islam, the perver...