Hydraulic fracturing is expanding rapidly in the US to meet increasing energy demand and requires high volumes of hydrofracking fluid to displace natural gas from shale. Accidental spills and deliberate land application of hydrofracking fluids, which return to the surface during hydrofracking, are common causes of environmental contamination. Since the chemistry of hydrofracking fluids favors t...

In the context of groundwater remediation, an increasing interest was found towards nanoscale and microscale zero-valent iron particles (NZVI and MZVI, respectively). However, MZVI and NZVI are not stable when dispersed in water, due to fast aggregation and sedimentation. Consequently, the use of shear thinning solutions of green biopolymers have been recently studied as viscous carrier fluids ...

Methods for the restoration of circulating blood volume, including the use of intravenous fluids, have been widely discussed over many years. There are no clear guidelines regarding the type of solutions, the total volume that should be transfused, or time schedules. Colloid solutions, usually hydroxyethyl starch compositions, are probably the most commonly used volume expanders in resuscitatio...

We report the results of experimental studies of the short-time-long-wavelength behavior of collective particle displacements in quasi-one-dimensional (q1D) and quasi-two-dimensional (q2D) colloid suspensions. Our results are reported via the q → 0 behavior of the hydrodynamic function H(q) that relates the effective collective diffusion coefficient D(e)(q), with the static structure factor S(q...

An understanding of the half-life (T1/2) of infused fluids can help prevent iatrogenic problems such as volume overload and postoperative interstitial oedema. Simulations show that a prolongation of the T1/2 for crystalloid fluid increases the plasma volume and promotes accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid space. The T1/2 for crystalloids is usually 20 to 40 min in conscious humans b...

BACKGROUND Controversy exists regarding the optimal i.v. fluids for use with a goal-directed haemodynamic algorithm. METHODS In a double-blind pilot study, we randomly assigned 50 patients with primary ovarian cancer undergoing cytoreductive surgery to receive either balanced crystalloid or balanced starch (HES, 130/0.4, 6%) solutions up to the dose limit (50 ml kg(-1)). Fluids were administe...

BACKGROUND In a previous study, fluid kinetic models were applied to describe the volume expansion of the fluid space by administration of crystalloid and colloid solutions. However, validation of the models were not performed, it is necessary to evaluate the predictive performance of these models in another population. METHODS Ninety five consenting patients undergoing elective spinal surger...

The crystalloid – colloid debate regarding the most effective intravenous fluid for resuscitation from haemorrhagic shock has been raging over the past 60 years, and still continues without a satisfactory resolution (1). Crystalloid solutions are essentially isotonic salt solutions (270-310 mOsm/L) and have been in use since the 1800s but their use became widespread during World War I. Normal s...

The crystalloid – colloid debate regarding the most effective intravenous fluid for resuscitation from haemorrhagic shock has been raging over the past 60 years, and still continues without a satisfactory resolution (1). Crystalloid solutions are essentially isotonic salt solutions (270-310 mOsm/L) and have been in use since the 1800s but their use became widespread during World War I. Normal s...