Various methods have been used to economically design wastewater and stormwater collection systems. In this article, Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming (DDDP) which is a subsection of dynamic programming (DP) was used. For each pipe network, various alternatives such as depth and slope of pipe laying and various diameters could be considered to satisfy hydraulic and engineering constrain...

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Source separated food waste is a valuable feedstock for renewable energy production through anaerobic digestion, and a variety of collection schemes for this material have recently been introduced. The aim of this study was to identify options that maximize collection efficiency and reduce fuel consumption as part of the overall energy balance. A mechanistic model was developed to calculate the...

background & aim: a herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. herbarium specimens form an important recorded of what plants grew where over time. kerman province with area about 171993 km2 has a lat of difference vegetation because of climatic and topography variations. it has different elevation (above sea level) from 300 m in shahdad to 4420 m in hezar mountains. material &...