Research on pre-task planning has revealed that planned conditions have produced more fluent and complex language than unplanned conditions. To date, most of these studies have investigated the effects of individual planning on language production while collaborative planning has received scant attention. To determine the effects of pre-task planning on second language written production, the p...

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Using the theory and method of collaborative innovation, we build an integration and optimizing allocation platform of high quality teaching resources for universities-led collaborative innovation based on the analysis of basic content and process of university-led collaborative innovation, and study the structure and functions of the platform in detail. Finally we provide a series of effective...

Cross-sector partnerships often formulate collaborative strategic plans. This study considers key structural features for implementing the plan, when considering the achievement of the collaborative goals (i.e., the plan-centric outcomes). Drawing upon findings from four indepth case studies about collaborative regional sustainable development strategies (CRSDS), this paper offers five criteria...

Background: Cooperative and Collaborative Learning approach with online programs is useful in response to rising demand for university educational system. This study evaluates the use of internet and computer in collaborative teaching and learning process for post graduate nursing students. Method: This is a correlation descriptive study. The population in the study is based on census sampling ...

Collaborative governance has been introduced in the planning and implementation phases of river management, but has not yet reached the maintenance phase. In anticipation of this, this article explores how stakeholders shape collaborative initiatives aimed at maintaining multifunctional floodplains by analyzing their framing of collaboration objectives and membership structures. The case study ...

Collaborative systems' speciications are complex, due to dynamically changing application structure (as users join and leave the session), concurrency, and interaction in multiuser interfaces. There are few speciication development methods to support these issues. We propose a method and high-level formal languages to specify reconngurable structure and behavior for collaborative systems. The m...

In this paper we present the evolution of a collaborative courseware generating system that is featured by XML-based course structure representation, JSP-based dynamic courseware presentation, and WebDAV-based collaborative courseware authoring. While the first system implementation employs a proprietary design using a self-defined XML DTD to represent the course structure, the second and the t...