Items such as physical exam findings, radiographic interpretations, or other diagnostic tests often rely on some degree of subjective interpretation by observers. Studies that measure the agreement between two or more observers should include a statistic that takes into account the fact that observers will sometimes agree or disagree simply by chance. The kappa statistic (or kappa coefficient) ...

Introduction This module computes power and sample size for the test of agreement between two raters using the kappa statistic. The power calculations are based on the results in Flack, Afifi, Lachenbruch, and Schouten (1988). Calculations are based on ratings for k categories from two raters or judges. You are able to vary category frequencies on a single run of the procedure to analyze a wide...

Ultrasonography of the hip was performed sequentially by two different examiners in 75 infants. The ultrasound strips were reviewed twice by three paediatric orthopaedic surgeons and classified by the Graf method. The intraobserver and interobserver agreement between the interpretations was analysed using simple and weighted kappa coefficients calculated for agreement on the Graf classification...

Background: The soft tissues injury in periarticular fractures of the lower extremities determines the proper time to perform bone fixation. Objetive: The aim of this study was to determine the intra and interobserver agreement in the Tscherne classification. Methods: This is a descriptive, prospective study for patients admitted to the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital (PTUH) with tibial plateau or t...

Introduction Recurrent or secondary caries develops at the margin of restorations and causes restorative failure. We conducted this study to compare the performance of Phosphor Storage Plate (PSP) and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan in detecting buccal recurrent caries under amalgam and composite resin restorations. Materials and Methods Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal...

OBJECTIVES We investigated the validity of the dipstick method (Mossman Associates Inc. USA) and the expired CO method to distinguish between smokers and nonsmokers. We also elucidated the related factors of the two methods. METHODS This study included 244 smokers and 50 ex-smokers, recruited from smoking cessation clinics at 4 local public health centers, who had quit for over 4 weeks. We ca...

PURPOSE To retrospectively evaluate the interobserver agreement of radiologists who used the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon to characterize and categorize ultrasonographic (US) features of breast masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS No institutional review board approval or patient consent was required. Five breast radiologists retrospectively independently evaluated 267 ...

The experimental charge densities in the binary carbonyls Cr(CO)(6) (1), Fe(CO)(5) (2), and Ni(CO)(4) (3) have been investigated on the basis of high-resolution X-ray diffraction data collected at 100 K. The nature of the metal-ligand interactions has been studied by means of deformation densities and by topological analyses using the Atoms in Molecules (AIM) approach of Bader. A detailed compa...