Background & objective: KRAS mutations are reported in many types of cancers including pancreas, lung, colon, breast, and gastric (GC). High frequency of KRAS mutation is observed in the pancreas, colon, and lung cancers; they commonly arise in codon 12 and 13 of exon 2. Due to the lack of information about the frequency of KRAS</...

Background: Ovarian carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among females. K-ras codon 12 mutations are commonly occurring mutations in different types of cancers and leads to resistance against anti-EGFR therapeutics. Hence, determination of mutations in k-ras gene is crucial for predicting response to anti-EGFR therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of k...

Backgrounds and Aims: P53 gene is regarded important in pathogenesis of different cancers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the frequency of p53 gene codon 72 Arg/Pro polymorphism in women suffering from breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 patients with breast cancer and 83 matched healthy control women participated in this case-control study. Genomic DNA was extrac...

We argue that in animal mitochondria codon reassignments, such as those for AGA and AGG from arginine to serine or of AUA from isoleucine to methionine, are the result of an interplay between biased mutational forces and selective ones. In particular, there is a marked tendency for animal mitochondria to have very small genomes and to minimize their investment in components required for gene ex...

Despite many attempts to introduce evolutionary models that permit substitutions instantly alter more than one nucleotide in a codon, the prevailing wisdom remains such changes are rare and generally negligible or reflective of non-biological artifacts, as alignment errors. Codon continue posit only single change have non-zero rates. Here, we develop test simple hierarchy codon-substitution wit...

lipases are versatile biocatalysts with a wide range of application in food, dairy, leather, paper, pharmaceutical and detergent industries.  in this study, mesophilic lipase gene from an indigenous bacillus pumilus f3 that already its gene had been sequenced and  identified, was cloned and expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris and codon translation of lipase gene was evaluated in p...

conclusions genotypes 1 and 4 demonstrated remarkable similarity in terms of genome sequences and proteins, but surprisingly, in terms of the preferred codons for gene expression, they showed the greatest difference. more studies are therefore needed to confirm the results and select the best approach for treatment of these genotypes based on their codon usage properties. results the six genoty...

backgrounds and aims: p53 gene is regarded important in pathogenesis of different cancers. therefore, this study aimed to investigate the frequency of p53 gene codon 72 arg/pro polymorphism in women suffering from breast cancer. materials and methods: a total of 90 patients with breast cancer and 83 matched healthy control women participated in this case-control study. genomic dna was extracted...

tuberculosis is a serious global public health problem and its high prevalence is stron gly associated with the enhancement of drug resistance. in this study we demonstrate a multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (mas)-pcr assay to simultaneously detect mutations in the first and third bases of the embb gene codon 306 atg in ethambutol (emb) resistant isolates of mycobacterium tub...