setback in elevation of a structure is a special irregularity with considerable effect on its seismic performance. this paper addresses multistory reinforced concrete (rc) frame buildings, regular and irregular in elevation. several multistory reinforced concrete moment resisting frames (rcmrfs) with different types of setbacks, as well as the regular frames in elevation, are designed according...

Proof-carrying code (PCC) allows a code producer to associate to a program a machine-checkable proof of its safety. In traditional implementations of PCC the producer negotiates beforehand, and in an unspecified way, with the consumer the permission to prove safety in whatever high-level way it chooses. In practice this has meant that highlevel rules for type safety have been hard-wired into th...

Embedded software today is pervasive: they can be found everywhere, from coffee makers and medical devices, to cars and aircraft. Embedded software today is also open and connected to the Internet, exposing them to external attacks that can cause its Control-Flow Integrity (CFI) to be violated. Control-Flow Integrity is an important safety property of software, which ensures that the behavior o...

Attackers can leverage security vulnerabilities in control systems to make physical processes behave unsafely. Currently, the safe behavior of a control system relies on a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) of commodity machines, firewalls, networks, and embedded systems. These large TCBs, often containing known vulnerabilities, expose many attack vectors which can impact process safety. In this pape...

One of the most crucial problems in geo-engineering is the instability of unsaturated slopes, causing severe loss of life and property worldwide. In this study, five novel meta-heuristic methods are employed to optimize locating the Critical Failure Surface (CFS) and corresponding Factor of Safety (FOS). A Finite Element Method (FEM) code is incorporated to convert the strong form of the Richar...

We present a modal language for distributed computation which addresses the safety of mobile values as well as mobile code. The safety of mobile code is achieved with the modality • which corresponds to necessity of modal logic. For the safety of mobile values, we introduce a new modality O which expresses that given code evaluates to a mobile value. We demonstrate the use of modal types with t...