Topical drugs avoid many of the problematic side effects of systemic agents. Immersion of the tail of a mouse into a solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-containing morphine produces a dose-dependent, naloxone-sensitive, analgesia (ED(50) 6.1 mM; CL 4.3, 8.4) limited to the portion of the tail exposed to the drug. DMSO alone in this paradigm had no analgesic activity. Like morphine, the opioid...

Genetic deletion of pleiotrophin (PTN) impairs spinal nociceptive transmission suggesting that this heparin binding growth factor could play roles in acute pain processing. Despite the high functional redundancy between PTN and midkine (MK), the only other member of this family of growth factors, we now demonstrate that genetic inactivation of MK does not alter acute nociceptive transmission si...

This research was done to test the effect of Rosa damascena essential oil on withdrawal signs of naloxone-precipitated morphine in male mice. Morphine dependence was induced by injection (IP) three times daily at doses of 50, 50 and 75 mg/kg, respectively, for 3 days. On day 4, after the last administration of morphine, Rosa damascena essential oil was administered at different concentrations (...

this research was done to test the effect of rosa damascena essential oil on withdrawal signsof naloxone-precipitated morphine in male mice. morphine dependence was induced by injection(ip) three times daily at doses of 50, 50 and 75 mg/kg, respectively, for 3 days. on day 4,after the last administration of morphine, rosa damascena essential oil was administered atdifferent concentrations (5, 2...

The fixed oil of L. usitatissimum (flaxseed/linseed) inhibited PGE2-, leukotriene-, histamine- and bradykinin-induced inflammation. The oil also inhibited arachidonic acid-induced inflammation, suggesting its capacity to inhibit both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonate metabolism. In tail immersion model, the oil raised the pain threshold to a lesser extent than morphine bu...

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a growth factor that exhibits neurotrophic actions and is upregulated at sites of nerve injury. Upregulation of PTN levels in injured dorsal root ganglion correlates with decreased mechanical allodynia and faster recovery from Chronic Constriction Injury of the rat sciatic nerve. Despite the evidence pointing to a role of PTN in the development of chronic pain, the role of...

in this study, the effects of subcutaneous (sc) injection of pilocarpine (a cholinomimetic agent) and atropine (a muscarinic receptors antagonist) were investigated on a tonic model of orofacial pain in rats. the contribution of the endogenous analgesic opioid system was assessed using naloxone (an opioid receptors antagonist). tonic orofacial pain was induced by sc injection of a diluted forma...

Objective: The beneficial effects of clove on toothache have been well documented. We have also previously shown the analgesic effects of clove essential oil. The present work was done to investigate the analgesic effects of the aqueous extract of clove using hot plate test. The possible role of opioid receptors in the analgesic effects of clove was also investigated using naloxone. Materials a...

Stressful stimuli, electric footshock (FS), immobilized-water immersion (IW), and cold-water swimming (CWS), produced analgesia and prolonged the pentobarbital hypnosis as well as morphine and clonidine. Naloxone completely antagonized the analgesic effects of morphine and FS and partially that of IW; however, that of clonidine and CWS were not reversed by naloxone. Naloxone eliminated the hypn...

objective: crocin and safranal are the main components of saffron, and have many biological functions such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. in the present study, we investigated the effects of crocin, safranal, morphine, diclofenac and naloxone in combined and separately on formalin-induced orofacial pain in rats. materials and methods: subcutaneous injection of a diluted formal...