Age differences in 2 components of task-set switching speed were investigated in 118 adults aged 20 to 80 years using task-set homogeneous (e.g., AAAA ...) and task-set heterogeneous (e.g., AABBAABB ... ) blocks. General switch costs were defined as latency differences between heterogeneous and homogeneous blocks. whereas specific switch costs were defined as differences between switch and nons...

Seven independent groups estimated the location of North American cities using both spatial and numeric response modes and a variety of perceptual and memory supports. These supports included having location markers for each city color coded by nation and identified by name, giving participants the opportunity to see and update all their estimates throughout the task, and allowing them to respo...

Datenmanagement für eingebettete Systeme gewinnt stetig an Bedeutung, ist aber mit Problemen verbunden. Moderne und bewährte Softwaretechniken finden hier – aufgrund der besonderen Ressourcenbeschränkungen bei gleichbleibend hohen Performance-Anforderungen – selten Anwendung. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie derartige Probleme vermieden werden können. Merkmalorientierte Programmierung beschäftigt sich...

In our article and this additional file, we use the following conventions. A random sample of m measurements of a general random variable V can be represented by a vector v = (v1, . . . , vm) with m components. Categorical random variables are denoted by DX, DY , DZ and numeric random variables are denoted by X, Y , Z. Correspondingly, random samples from categorical vectors are denoted by dx, ...

A laser-plasma-based source of relativistic electrons is described in detail, and analyzed in two dimensions using theoretical and numeric techniques. Two laser beams are focused in a plasma, one exciting a wake-field electron plasma wave while another locally alters some electron trajectories in such a way that they can be trapped and accelerated by the wave. Previous analyses dealt only with ...

According to the time-saving bias, drivers underestimate the time saved when increasing from a low speed and overestimate the time saved when increasing from a relatively high speed. Previous research used a specific type of task — drivers were asked to estimate time saved when increasing speed and to give a numeric response — to show this. The present research conducted two studies with multip...

A large variety of aquatic animals was found to emit the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide when nitrate was present in the environment. The emission was ascribed to denitrification by ingested bacteria in the anoxic animal gut, and the exceptionally high N(2)O-to-N(2) production ratio suggested delayed induction of the last step of denitrification. Filter- and deposit-feeding animal species s...

Grounded theories assume that there is no central module for cognition. According to this view, all cognitive phenomena, including those considered the province of amodal cognition such as reasoning, numeric, and language processing, are ultimately grounded in (and emerge from) a variety of bodily, affective, perceptual, and motor processes. The development and expression of cognition is constr...

BACKGROUND In a "wasp-waist" ecosystem, an intermediate trophic level is expected to control the abundance of predators through a bottom-up interaction and the abundance of prey through a top-down interaction. Previous studies suggest that the North Sea is mainly governed by bottom-up interactions driven by climate perturbations. However, few studies have investigated the importance of the inte...

In this paper we develop a hybrid symbolic-numeric fast method for solving the secular equation associated with a diagonal plus rank-one eigenvalue problem of order n in O(n) operations and O(n) storage. AMS classification: 65F15