Heterogeneous electrochemistry induced by Martian dust activity is an important type of atmosphere-surface interaction that affects geochemical processes at the surface and in atmosphere. We have experimentally demonstrated heterogeneous stimulated mid-strength events can decompose common chloride salts, which accompanied release chlorine atoms into atmosphere generation (per)chlorates (chlorat...

On June 27, 2011, a worker at a poultry processing plant in Arkansas began to pour sodium hypochlorite into a 55-gallon drum that contained residual acidic antimicrobial solution. When the sodium hypochlorite reacted with the solution, greenish-yellow chlorine gas was released into the small room where the drum was located and then spread into the plant, where approximately 600 workers were pre...

Large amounts of chlorine released in a few minutes from pressurized liquefied storage such as a railcar may form a dense two-phase (gas plus small liquid aerosol drops) cloud at ground level. The time duration of release from the storage tank could be as small as a few seconds for a large hole with diameter exceeding 20 or 30 cm. But even if the release from the tank occurs in a few seconds, a...

Background and aim Chemical accidents cause significant danger for residents living close to chemical facilities. For this reason, this study assessed the impacts of a simulated chemical accident on surrounding residents in the city of Ray, Iran. Methods In this scenario-based case study in 2015, the Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) model was applied to simulate a toxic chemica...

We read with great interest the report of SCHINS et al. [1] on their controlled human-exposure study of chlorine inhalation. The air pollutant studied, gaseous chlorine, is one of substantial relevance in terms of total industrial usage and involvement in emergency release scenarios. The authors referred to "…a paucity of human data on the effect of chlorine on the upper respiratory tract". The...

INTRODUCTION An incident involving the release of chlorine gas from the pump room at a local swimming pool resulted in 54 patients seeking treatment in the emergency departments (EDs) of two local, tertiary-level hospitals in Singapore. The hospital hazardous materials (HAZMAT) disaster plan was activated. This report describes how one of the EDs organized in response to the disaster. EVENT O...

The effects of disinfection and biofilm on the corrosion of cast iron pipe in a model reclaimed water distribution system were studied using annular reactors (ARs). The corrosion scales formed under different conditions were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the bacterial characteristics of biofilm on th...

It is generally known that chlorine compounds are ubiquitous in the environment. In recent years, researchers have concluded that chlorine is part of a biogeochemical cycle in soil involving an interaction between chloride (Clin) and organic-matter-bound chlorine (Clorg). Even though there is indisputable evidence that Clorg is formed naturally, there are actually few simultaneous field measure...

Chloramination has been used in drinking water treatment since the early 1900s, but its use has been low compared to that of chlorine. In recent years, a large number of utilities have switched from chlorine to chloramine as a secondary disinfectant, primarily to comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection ByProducts Rules (D/D...