Water chlorination results in formation of a variety of organic compounds, known as chlorination by-products (CBPs), mainly trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Factors affecting their concentrations have been found to be organic matter content of water, pH, temperature, chlorine dose, contact time and bromide concentration, but the mechanisms of their formation are still under i...

A collective intoxication with chlorine gas in 76 children (21 males, 55 females; the median age was 9.9 years) is reported. They were treated with a combination of oxygen gas (O2) and corticosteroids until the symptoms disappeared.

Chlorine is a yellowish-green gas with a pungent, irritating odor. It is intermediate water-soluble and can cause acute damage to both upper and lower respiratory tracts. Its toxicity is thought to be mediated by the generation of hydrogen chloride upon contact with moist mucous membrane and by the formation of free radicals at the cellular level. Toxic exposures to chlorine were first reported...

Aqueous solutions of tetrachloroauric acid of high purity and stability were synthesised using the known reaction of gold metal with chlorine gas. The straightforward procedure developed here allows the resulting solution to be used directly for gold nanoparticle synthesis. The procedure involves bubbling chlorine gas through pure water containing a pellet of gold. The reaction is quantitative ...

Absolute quantum yields) Cl+Cl* for the formation of chlorine atoms were measured under collision-free conditions for the gas-phase dissociation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) after pulsed laser photoexcitation at 193 and 135 nm. By means of a photolytic calibration method, where the gas-phase photolysis of HCl was utilized as a reference, values of) Cl+Cl* (193 nm) = 1.5 ± 0.1 and) Cl+Cl* (13...

Modification of tyrosine by reactive chlorine can produce both 3-chlorotyrosine (CY) and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine (dCY). Both of these amino acids have proven to be promising biomarkers for assessing the extent of myeloperoxidase-catalyzed chlorine stress in a number of adverse physiological conditions. To date, there has been no application of these biomarkers for determining the extent of exposur...

We investigated combustion in a small home waste incinerator and analyzed both flue gas and residual ash for formation of the dioxin-related compounds polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls and their precursors polychlorinated benzenes, polychlorinated phenols, polychlorinated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Parti...

Studies on the germicidal activity of chlorine, bromine, and iodine were made by use of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists official first action method for determining effectiveness of swimming pool water disinfectants. In this procedure, 0.3 ppm of available chlorine as chlorine gas has activity equivalent to 0.6 ppm of available chlorine in the buffered sodium hypochlorite cont...