Environmental and patient isolates of Mycobacterium avium were resistant to chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. For chlorine, the product of the disinfectant concentration (in parts per million) and the time (in minutes) to 99.9% inactivation for five M. avium strains ranged from 51 to 204. Chlorine susceptibility of cells was the same in washed cultures containing aggregates...

Measurements of chlorine concentrations in matrix glasses from 18 primitive (s 6 wt% MgO) and eight evolved lavas from active spreading centers in the Lau Basin back-arc system provide insight into the processes which control chlorine concentrations in subduction-related magmas, and can be used to investigate chlorine enrichment related to fluids derived from the underlying subducted slab. Chlo...

This series of papers consisting of three communications describes the properties and applications of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with a special emphasis on its hyper-pure aqueous solution available commercially in Hungary under the trade name SOLUMIUM DENTAL since the end of 2008. This first part of the series discusses the history of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant, its properties and its fiel...

background: trihalomethanes are toxic and dangerous substances that are formed in the presence of organic materials when water is chlorinated for disinfection. the iranian national standard, world health organization, european :union:, u.s. environmental protection agency and international agency for research in cancer standards have established a maximum contaminant level for trihalomethanes f...

resume of the results arrived at by Aron, with chlorine as an antidote, will be necessary. Aron, in the paper already quoted, refers to the employment as antidotes, of alcohol, atropine, caffeine, ozone, potassium permanganate and chlorine. In connection with the use of chlorine Aron remarks ? "By the exceedingly satis" factory results arrived at by Lenz from the " use of chlorine as an antidot...

Six human isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and E. coli (ATCC 11229) were used to determine the concentrations of free chlorine and exposure times required for inactivation. Free chlorine concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ppm at 23 degrees C were evaluated, with sampling times at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 min. Results revealed that five of six E. coli O157:H7 isolates and the E. coli cont...

a methodology is presented in this paper to find optimal location and dosage of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. the objective is to minimize the chlorine consumption while keeping the residual chlorine at each node within the standard range. unfortunately because of wrong water quality management in water distribution networks in many parts of the world, many problems such...

Transient chlorine concentration profiles were measured in biofilms during disinfection by use of a microelectrode developed for this investigation. The electrode had a tip diameter of ca. 10 microm and was sensitive to chlorine in the micromolar range. The biofilms contained Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Chlorine concentrations measured in biofilms were typically only 20% o...

The kinetics of inactivation of six enteric viruses plus simian virus 40 and Kilham rat virus by free available chlorine was studied under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. It was found that the different virus types demonstrated a wide range of susceptibility to chlorine disinfection. The rate of inactivation was greater at pH 6 than at pH 10; however, the relative susceptibilities o...

IT would be expected that the addition of chlorine to milk, as hypochlorite or in some other form, would increase the reduction time. Further consideration will show that a large number of variables are involved—the amount of chlorine, the age of the milk sample at the time of addition, the form in which chlorine is added, the age of the sample when tested, the period which has elapsed since th...