Decreasing feature size, low cost, and high yield continue to drive the silicon electronics industry. Perfect atomic surface silicon is therefore needed to manufacture high yield devices of submicron dimensions. In addition, there are rising environmental concerns, and EPA regulation is broadening its control over industrial environment. The solution to maintain traditional low cost wet cleanin...

Biotransformations are structural modifications in a chemical compound by organisms /enzyme systems that lead to the formation of molecules with relatively greater polarity [1,2]. This mechanism has been developed by microbes to acclimatize to environmental changes and it is useful in a wide range of biotechnological processes [3]. The most significant aspect of biotransformation is that it mai...

Ruth Aylett, Centre for Virtual Environments, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK. [email protected]. Gary Petley, Centre for Virtual Environments, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK. [email protected]. Paul Chung, Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, ...

Chemical process control textbooks and courses differ significantly from their electrical or mechanical-oriented brethren. It is our experience that colleagues in electrical engineering (EE) and mechanical engineering (ME) assume that we teach the same theory in our courses and merely have different application examples. The primary goals of this article are to i) emphasize the distinctly chall...