In this paper we discuss the question of how to decide when a general chemical reaction system is incapable of admitting multiple equilibria, regardless of parameter values such as reaction rate constants, and regardless of the type of chemical kinetics, such as mass-action kinetics, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, etc. Our results relate previously described linear algebraic and graph-theoretic con...

Ionic detergent micelles have the capacity to solubilize organic substrates, interact selectively with counterions, repel coions, exhibit partial “dissociation” of the counterions, grow in size with added salt, affect the position of chemical equilibria, accelerate or inhibit the rates of chemical reactions, modulate photochemical reactivity and determine the dynamics of diffusion or neardiffus...

It is shown that coordination chemical and extrathermodynamic models may be successfully applied to the qualitative and also quantitative description of fundamental chemical equilibria and reaction rates in non-aqueous solvents. Applications include: formation of charge transfer complexes, electrochemical reduction of metal cations, ionization of covalent compounds, ion association phenomena, o...

Although the fetal and adult hemoglobins of many species, including man, are essentially similar in molecular weight and in spectroscopic characteristics, they exhibit marked differences in other chemical and physical properties (l-6). Therefore, they may be assumed to represent distinct chemical entities. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the chemical difference is expresse...

Electrospray ionization (ESI) mechanisms are highly complex, due to a series of physical and chemical phenomena taking place on a complex system, as a solution is. In fact, even if the solution of an analyte in a protic medium can be considered at first sight to be a two-component system, the presence of solvent dissociation equilibria and the possible interactions solvent-solvent dissociation ...

The kinetics of interaction between potential, chemical equilibrium, and electromotance in the excitable system of nerve are analyzed. The theoretical system has the following properties: It gives rise to two electromotances each of which depends directly on a chemical equilibrium. The equilibria are determined by the potential across the system. After a sudden potential shift the equilibria re...

Chemical potential is a fundamental property for determining thermodynamic equilibria involving exchange of molecules, such as between two phases of molecular systems. Previously, we developed the fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based method for Modeling Atomistic Protein-crowder interactions (FMAP) to calculate excess chemical potentials according to the Widom insertion. Intermolecular interactio...