Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), is thought to be present in kinetic excess in cholinergic neurons. The rate-limiting factor in ACh production is the provision of choline to ChAT. Cholinergic neurons are relatively unique in their expression of the choline transporter 1 (CHT1), which exhibits high-affinity for choline and ca...

The mouse gastro-intestinal and biliary tract mucosal epithelia harbor choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive brush cells with taste cell-like traits. With the aid of two transgenic mouse lines that express green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the ChAT promoter (EGFP (ChAT) ) and by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we found that EGFP (ChAT) cells were clu...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine use of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) as an autismspecific screening instrument in a large, geographically diverse pediatrics-based sample. METHODS: The M-CHATand the M-CHAT Follow-Up (M-CHAT/F) were used to screen 18 989 toddlers at pediatric well-child visits in 2 US geographic regions. Pediatricians directly referred ...

One method for analyzing textual chat transcripts is a process called coding, whereby individual lines of chat, or blocks of chat, are assigned a topical label. This task is typically performed by humans, and takes a great deal of time. Automated analyses can reduce the amount of time it takes to code chat transcripts, and this paper presents the performance of the Naïve Bayes and Viterbi algor...

The objective of this research is to reduce confusion in chat conversation, which is the main problem regarding the use of chat tools for holding online course debates. This problem is investigated using a Groupware Engineering approach. A number of successive versions of the Mediated Chat tool have been developed as part of this research. This research aims at producing an enhanced chat tool d...

Purpose This paper studies the characteristics of chat messages from analyzing a collection of 33,121 sample messages gathered from 1700 sessions of conversations of 72 pairs of MSN Messenger users over 4-month duration from June to September of 2005. The primary objective of chat message characterization is to understand the properties of chat messages for effective message analysis such as me...

Malicious users on chat network systems would reduce the willingness of benevolent users to chat on the same network. Thus it is often desirable to classify malicious users based on their personal profile and chat contents. In this study, different algorithms including Naive Bayes, SVM, Decision Table, Multilayer Perceptron, and Logistic classification are applied on the dataset from an anonymo...

The potential of synchronous chat through the Internet to improve online learning experiences has rarely been discussed by researchers. The case study reported in this paper discovers the needs of synchronous communication and assesses the value of online chats in distance-learning environments. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze the value of the chat sessions. Insig...

This paper describes the personalized normalization of a multilingual chat system that supports chatting in user defined short-forms or abbreviations. One of the major challenges for multilingual chat realized through machine translation technology is the normalization of non-standard, self-created short-forms in the chat message to standard words before translation. Due to the lack of training...