Introduction: Gynecological malignancies present challenges in determining an appropriate volumetric dose due to the highly variable physiologic activity of the surrounding tissue. Because of the high doses used in brachytherapy, surrounding structures have the potential to move around in the dose region and receive unknown amounts of radiation. Calculating hotspot region from ...

We study a concept in multicriteria optimization called compromise solutions (introduced in 1973 by Yu [20]) and a generalized version of this, termed reference point solutions. Our main result shows the power of this concept: Approximating reference point solutions is polynomially equivalent to constructing an approximate Pareto set as in [16]. A reference point solution is the solution closes...

A particularly simple Markov chain model for a reference string is described. The model, which is only slightly more complicated than the independent reference model, generates strings that have a locality property and that have a specified probability distribution of references over pages. Expressions are obtained for expected working-set size and expected working-set miss ratio. The of change...

 module over a ring is a general mathematical concept for many examples of mathematicalobjects that can be added to each other and multiplied by scalar numbers.In this paper, we consider a module over a ring as a universe and by using the notion of reference points, we provide local approximations for  subsets of the universe.

The effect of lattice mismatch on the chemical ordering of epitaxial FePt films was studied. The results showed that the lattice constant scd of the FePt films decreased with increasing lattice mismatch « from about 2.23% to 6.33%. Upon further increase of « to about 8.8%, c increased. On the other hand, the variation of the lattice constant sad of the FePt films showed a reversal behavior to t...