It has been recently reported by our group that dendrimeric constructs combining B- and T-cell epitopes from classical swine fever virus (CSFV) provided partial protection against experimental infection. This research evaluated four newly designed constructions while taking into account our previous work, including the direct implication that a T-cell epitope from the NS3 protein contributes to...

background:  cytotoxic t lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) molecules are expressed on t-cells and inhibit their function by inhibiting activation of subsequent t-cell molecular pathways. blocking of ctla-4 inhibits the growth of malignant tumor cells. anti-ctla-4 monoclonal antibodies activate the immune system against cancer. due to several advantages of single-chain antibodies (scfvs) ...

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein H (gH) is the major neutralization target of VZV, and its neutralizing epitope is conformational. Ten neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to gH were used to map the epitopes by immunohistochemical analysis and were categorized into seven epitope groups. The combinational neutralization efficacy of two epitope groups was not synergistic. Each epitop...

Bispecific antibodie (BsAbs) combine two or more epitope-recognizing sequences into a single protein molecule. The first therapeutic applications of BsAbs were focused on cancer therapy. However, these antibodies have grown to cover wider disease spectrum, including imaging, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and therapy inflammatory autoimmune diseases. can be categorized IgG-like formats non-IgG-like fo...

We have identified and characterized the temporal and spatial regulation of a plasma membrane arabinogalactan protein epitope during development of the aerial parts of oilseed rape using the monoclonal antibody JIM8. The JIM8 epitope is expressed by the first cells of the embryo and by certain cells in the sexual organs of flowers. During embryogenesis, the JIM8 epitope ceases to be expressed b...

The haemolytic biovar of Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) is responsible for urogenital, gastrointestinal, and respiratory diseases in chickens. There are numerous reports on the resistance of G. anatis to antibiotics and recurrence of the disease, which raise concerns about antimicrobial treatment efficiency. Vaccination has been considered as the most feasibl...

This study addresses the relationship of epitope-specific Ab responses and alternative autoantibody responses in a model system in which an antigenized self protein serves as the carrier for a defined heterologous B cell epitope. Ubiquitin, a nonimmunogenic self protein, was engineered to present heterologous B and T cell epitopes in the recombinant molecule. Fusion to the C terminus introduced...

When a living organism encounters a pathogenic virus ormicrobe, the B cells of the immune system recognize the pathogen’s antigens by their membrane-bound immunoglobulin receptors and, in response, produce antibodies specific to these antigens. The term antigen refers to any entity—a cell, a macromolecular assembly, or a molecule—that may be bound by either a B-cell receptor or an antibody mole...

background: dermatophagoides farinae and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are house dust mites (hdm) that they cause severe asthma and allergic symptoms. tropomyosin protein plays an important role in mentioned immune and allergic reactions to hdms. here, tropomyosin protein from dermatophagoides spp. was comprehensively screened in silico for its allergenicity, antigenicity and similarity/conser...