For an indoor non-directed line of sight optical wireless communication (NLOS-OWC) system we investigate the optimized Lambertian order (OLO) of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We firstly derive an expression for the OLO from a conventional Lambertian LED model. Then, we analyze the indoor multi-cell NLOS-OWC channel characteristics including the optical power distribution and the multipath time ...

To explain the complex carcinogenic process by which a single normal cell in human beings can be converted to an invasive and metastatic cancer cell, a number of experimental findings, epidemiological observations and their associated hypothesis/theories have been integrated in this review. All cancers have been generally viewed as the result of a disruption of the homeostatic regulation of a c...

This communication demonstrates the relevance of membrane sealing in a test cell to its performance. Membranes need to be sealed, and therefore a more or less signifcant (depending on the test cell design) peripheral part of the membrane is supported directly by the cell body (instead of a permeate spacer). Although it may seem that there should be no fltration through ...