Nitrogen doped Czochralski (N-CZ) and Float Zone (N-FZ) silicon were measured by high resolution synchrotron Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy (HR-FTIR). The chemical complexes were analyzed in specific regions with known extended defects, i.e., denuded or precipitated regions of annealed N-CZ Si wafers, in N-FZ Si with ring defects and on “N-Skin” region. The absorption lines were assigned to ...

The α effect and current helicity for fast sheared rotators: some applications to the solar dynamo. Abstract We explore the α-effect and the small-scale current helicity, hc = h ′ · rot h ′ , for the case of weakly compressible magnetically driven turbulence that is subjected to the differential rotation. No restriction is applied to the amplitude of angular velocity, i.e., the derivations pres...

The Critical Zone (CZ) incorporates all aspects of the earth’s environment from the vegetation canopy to the bottom of groundwater. CZ researchers target processes that cross timescales from that of water fluxes (milliseconds to decades) to that of the evolution of landforms (thousands to tens of millions of years). Conceptual and numerical models are used to investigate the important fluxes: w...

Multiple Critical Zone Observatories (CZO) have been established in recent years in the USA and other international settings to conduct collaborative research on processes that occur at and near Earth’s surface, also known as the Critical Zone (CZ). Data documentation and data sharing are two persistent problems facing the CZOs that impede the ability for cross-site comparisons and integrated a...

A specific and currently relevant issue motivating the notion of ruggedized software is the confluence of the threat of cyber attacks and our increased dependence on software systems in enterprise as well as tactical situations. Software services that are essential for mission success must not only withstand normal wear and tear, stresses and accidental failures, they also must endure the stres...

Effective gas management is vital to the success of the longwall mining in the Bulli seam, in the Southern Coalfield, Sydney Basin, NSW, Australia. The evolution of gas drainage methods and practices are discussed with respect to gas type, gas drainage lead time and prevailing geological conditions. Both underground to inseam drilling and surface to inseam drilling techniques are described at b...

An essential feature of the superposition type of compound eye is the presence of a wide zone, which is transparent and devoid of pigment and interposed between the distal array of dioptric elements and the proximally placed photoreceptive layer. Parallel rays, collected by many lenses, must (through reflection or refraction) cross this transparent clear-zone in such a way that they become focu...

Weathering and erosion processes are crucial to Critical Zone (CZ) evolution, landscape formation availability of natural resources. Although many these take place in the deep CZ (∼10–100 m), direct information about its architecture remain scarce. Near-surface geophysics offers a cost-effective minimally intrusive alternative drilling that provides physical properties CZ. We propose novel work...

This paper estimates that long-run changes in a county’s prime-age employment rate are significantly affected by labor demand shocks to both the county and its overlying commuting zone (CZ). The overall benefits of due more CZ than shocks. A lower preexisting increases effects Simulations suggest low prior CZs, versus higher-rate will have much larger from Targeting jobs at distressed counties ...

BACKGROUND It is difficult to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of biopsy for prostate cancer because men with negative biopsy do not undergo radical prostatectomy and thus have no confirmation of biopsy findings. METHODS We performed 18-core needle biopsies on autopsy prostates from 164 men who had no history of prostate cancer. Six-core biopsies were taken from each of the mid peripheral zon...