This study presents a mathematical model in which the fitness of an individual depends on the individual's genotype (individual effects) and on the genotypes of other members of the individual's local group (group effects). The findings suggest that, if phenotypes are a result of complex interactions between genes at different loci, then fitness-enhancing group effects may become common in sexu...

I am grateful to the editors for inviting me to comment on the paper by Dawid, Fienberg, and Faigman (2013) (henceforth DFF), in which they justifiably emphasize the fundamental distinction between “Effect of Causes” (EoC) and “Causes of Effect” (CoE). My aim in this comment is to share with readers a progress report on what has been accomplished on the question of “causes of effects,” CoE, how...

unfortunately, the prevalence of cesarean section has increased in recent years. whereas awareness of the prevalence and causes is inevitable for planning and effective interventions, so aim of this study has designed and conducted for reviewing of systematic prevalence and caesarean causes in iran. in this meta-analysis, the required information have been collected using several keywords which...

organizational cynicism is one of the most important behavioral issues that influences the performance of employees and the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization. this article contains the original concepts of organizational cynicism and it's relation to the other organizational concepts. first, the concept of cynicism and its related psychological and islamic approaches are disc...

Dissertation for the award of the degree "Doctor rerum naturalium" 3 I hereby declare that this thesis has been written independently with no other sources or aids than quoted. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Hannelore Ehrenreich for giving me the possibility to work in her division and to study under her supervision. I am very grateful for the help, guidance and numerous opportunities of...

Hypertext/text domains are characterized by several tens or hundreds of thousands of features. This represents a challenge for supervised learning algorithms which have to learn accurate classifiers using a small set of available training examples. In this paper, a fuzzy semi-supervised support vector machines (FSS-SVM) algorithm is proposed. It tries to overcome the need for a large labelled t...

the issues that arise in this articles are the causes and the bases of social - and sexual - devience according to a sociological point of view. then a search through a number of 350 files of sexual - crimes in babol, declares the causes on a sociological point of view, cultural transmission & contrast theory. in assessment during this research regarding age, sex & occupation as the main criter...