This paper summarizes concepts, principles, and tools that were found useful in applications involving causal modeling. The principles are based on structural-model semantics, in which functional (or counterfactual) relationships, representing autonomous physical processes are the fundamental building blocks. The paper presents the formal basis of this semantics, illustrates its application in ...

We describe eight data sets that together formed the CauseEffectPairs task in the Causality Challenge #2: Pot-Luck competition. Each set consists of a sample of a pair of statistically dependent random variables. One variable is known to cause the other one, but this information was hidden from the participants; the task was to identify which of the two variables was the cause and which one the...

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Mycorrhizal fungi play a critical role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. They improve plant growth and survival through a mutualistic relationship in which photosynthates are exchanged for increased access to water and nutrients. Because the benefits realized are not equal among different plant–fungal species combinations, mycorrhizal fungi may help govern plant community structure an...

This paper presents the AGENT method, a systematic test-case generation method for functional testing. AGENT consists of two steps. In the first step, a functional specification of a program is described with a formalized notation called a function diagram (FD). An FO consists of two components, a state transition which is described with a state transition diagram, and a set of boolean function...

Processing (eg, cooking, grinding, drying) has changed the composition of food throughout the course of human history; however, awareness of process-formed compounds, and the potential need to mitigate exposure to those compounds, is a relatively recent phenomenon. In May 2015, the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI North America) Technical Committee on Foo...

We postulate that dominant damage modes in a fiber-reinforced laminated composite are fiber breakage, matrix cracking, fiber/ matrix debonding, and delamination/sliding. The first three damage modes are represented by internal variables with their development governed by constitutive relations. The delamination/sliding failure mode is presumed to initiate at a point on an interface between two ...

The tensile creep and creep-recovery behavior of a unidirectional Sic-fiher/Si,N,-matrix composite was investigated at 1200°C in air. A primary objective of the study was to determine how various sustained and cyclic creep loading histories would influence the creep rate, accumulated creep strain, and the amount of strain recovered upon specimen unloading. The key results obtained from the inve...