In order to reduce the cost pressure on cold-chain logistics brought by the carbon tax policy, this paper investigates optimization of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with time windows for cold-chain logistics based on carbon tax in China. Then, a green and low-carbon cold chain logistics distribution route optimization model with minimum cost is constructed. Taking the lowest cost as the objecti...

An end-use energy model is presented for assessing policy options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This model evaluates effects of imposing a carbon tax on various carbon-emitting technologies for reducing CO2 emissions. It also estimates effects of combining a carbon tax with subsidies. The problem can be formulated as two-level mathematical programming. An algorithm is proposed and applied...

Optimal climate policy is studied in a Ramsey growth model. A developing economy weighs global warming less, hence is more likely to exhaust fossil fuel and exacerbate global warming. The optimal carbon tax is higher for a developed economy. We analyze the optimal time of transition from fossil fuel to renewables, amount of fossil fuel to leave in situ, and carbon tax. Subsidizing a backstop wi...

We use a standard computable general equilibrium model to explore the fiscal implications of stringent carbon dioxide emission reduction in Europe. Both the immediate targets (2030% by 2020) and the medium-term targets (80-90% by 2050) for abatement can be met with a carbon tax that is modest to sizeable. Imposing budget neutrality, a carbon tax that would allow all other taxes to fall by 5% (2...

Based on a numerical model where climate change affects productivity, the second-best optimal carbon tax is found to exceed marginal social damage by 53 percent, and " marginal private damage " (aggregate households' marginal willingness to pay) by 73 percent. Annual welfare gains from carbon taxation are estimated at $3.58 billion when marginal damage is $40 per ton; employment also increases....

Typically, cost–benefit analysis (CBA) has suggested ‘optimal’ carbon tax regimes that result in a global temperature rise of around 3 °C, or even eventually (post-2100) 4 °C, above preindustrial levels. However, risk analysis approaches indicate that these levels of temperature rise result in climate change impacts that pose a high or very high level of risk to society and ecosystems1 (Fig. 1)...

This paper evaluates the relevance of market structure on the short-run effectiveness of carbon taxation by utilizing the introduction of Australia’s carbon tax in 2012, its removal in 2014, and between these dates a change in market structure in Western Australia where the dominant generator became vertically integrated with the market retailer. The market power of the dominant firm decreased ...

There is growing evidence that consumers respond more effectively to upfront price signals, such as vehicle purchase taxes and feebate policies, and to tax incentives that are more salient than others, such as company car taxes graded by CO2 emissions. This paper examines tax changes in The Netherlands, which are among the most stringent and most salient in Europe, and assesses the ex-post purc...

This paper looks at both the efficiency and distributional implications of a carbon tax and/or other energy taxes as part of a package of measures to address the budget deficit. We build a dynamic general-equilibrium overlapping-generations model (OLG) of the U.S. economy, including detail on government taxes and expenditures and a disaggregated production structure including several energy ind...

Acting as a cleaning and great efficiency fuel, natural gas has gained more and more notice. Reflect on the low percentage of natural gas usage in China, how to motivate natural gas production and usage from macroeconomic view worth discussing. Although carbon tax can be efficiently used to promote carbon emission reduction, the implementation of levying carbon tax might negatively impact natur...