Magnetic field gradients have repeatedly been shown to be the most feasible mechanism for gastrointestinal capsule endoscope actuation. An inverse quartic magnetic force variation with distance results in large force gradients induced by small movements of a driving magnet; this necessitates robotic actuation of magnets to implement stable control of the device. A typical system consists of a s...

capsules from a range of pathogenic bacteria are the key determinants of virulency. the capsule hasbeen implicated in virulence of pasteurella multocida. in this study a type-specific polymerase chain reaction(pcr) assay was used for capsular typing of 39 avian p. multocida isolates from iran. the pcr amplified afragment of 1044 bp from all of tested isolates. it was found that all avian p. mul...

Despite vaccines, Streptococcus pneumoniae kills more than a million people yearly. Thus, understanding how pneumococci transition from commensals to pathogens is particularly relevant. Quorum sensing regulates collective behaviors and thus represents a potential driver of commensal-to-pathogen transitions. Rgg/small hydrophobic peptide (SHP) quorum-sensing systems are widespread in streptococc...

A colon-specific capsule with alginate beads containing a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was developed and evaluated. The SMEDDS technique was used to improve the solubility of curcumin (Cur). After encapsulating the Cur-loaded SMEDDS, the alginate beads were placed inside an impermeable capsule body. A konjac glucomannan/lactose/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (KG/Lac/ HPMC)...

Streptococcus pneumoniae produces a protective capsular polysaccharide whose production must be modulated for bacterial survival within various host niches. Capsule production is affected in part by a phosphoregulatory system comprised of CpsB, CpsC, and CpsD. Here, we found that growth of serotype 2 strain D39 under conditions of increased oxygen availability resulted in decreased capsule leve...

Ingestible video capsules enable today non-invasive and comfortable gastrointestinal explorations. As such, capsule endoscopy is progressively emerging as an attractively simple wireless technology for optical investigations of the digestive tube and, in particular, as a useful complementary diagnostic tool with respect to traditional probe endoscopy. In spite of this, capsule endoscopes still ...

S ince its introduction in 1974, ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring has secured a valuable but complementary role in the diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Monitoring of oesophageal pH allows not only the detection of excessive levels of acid exposure but also, and more importantly, assessment of the relationship between acid reflux and symptoms. It is especially useful for clari...

AIMS Long-term urodynamics are required because bladder-emptying disorders are often not clearly revealed by conventional urodynamics. Patients with severe clinical overactive bladder symptoms, for instance, often show normal results. This may be due to the short evaluation time and psychological factors that complicate conventional urodynamics. This study aimed to develop an ambulatory three-c...