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We present a novel approach to hidden Markov model (HMM) state clustering based on the use of broad phone classes and an allophone class entropy measure. Most state-of-the-art largevocabulary speech recognizers are based on context-dependent (CD) phone HMMs that use Gaussian mixture models for the state-conditioned observation densities. A common approach for robust HMM parameter estimation is ...

Deformable models, originally proposed by Terzopoulos et al. (Artif. Intell. 36 (1988) 91) and Kass et al. (Int. J. Comput. Vision 1 (1988) 321) in 1988, have been widely used in medical image segmentation. However, they manifest two well-known limitations: the lack of an appropriate long-range force to drive the model surface towards the object boundary and poor performance at high curvature b...

Landscapes are now being altered at unprecedented rates (Forman and Alexander 1998), resulting in the loss and fragmentation of critical habitats (Gardner et al. 1993), declines in species diversity (Quinn and Harrison 1988, Gu et al. 2002), shifts in disturbance regimes (He et al. 2002, Timoney 2003), and threats to the sustainability of many ecosystems (Grime 1998, Simberloff 1999). Because t...

Embryonic cells in somites are first committed to become muscle precursor cells. These precursors migrate to invade the future muscle territories while they are continuing to divide. Then, during the process of terminal commitment and differentiation, myoblasts are withdrawn from the pool of dividing cells (Bishoff and Holtzer, 1968). The fusion of these post-mitotic, mononucleated myogenic cel...

This paper investigates two feature-scoring criteria that make use of estimated class probabilities: one method proposed by Shen et al. (2008) and a complementary approach proposed below. We develop a theoretical framework to analyze each criterion and show that both estimate the spread (across all values of a given feature) of the probability that an example belongs to the positive class. Base...

The MHC genes encoding class II HLA-DP antigens map centromerically of the HLA-DQ loci on the short arm of chromosome six (Shaw et al. 1981). These HLA-DP antigens have originally been identified by cellular typing reagents (Shaw et al. 1980; Pawelec et al. 1982). At present, different molecular genotyping techniques are available to explore the DPB1 locus polymorphism. More allelic sequences a...

Sustained, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with prior myocardial infarction is usually caused by reentry (Wellens, et al., 1976; Josephson, et al., 1985; de Bakker, et al., 1988; Downar, et al., 1988), and several different lines of evidence from experimental and clinical studies have implicated a zone of slow conduction as being a critical component of the reentrant circui...

Muscular dystrophies have historically been characterised according to clinical criteria, however in the genomic age the muscular dystrophies are now subdivided into groups according to the primary gene defect. Currently identified are 29 different loci and encoded proteins, giving rise to 34 distinct forms of muscular dystrophy (Dalkilic & Kunkel 2003; Hsu 2004). The majority of these types of...