This is a pedagogical and (almost) self-contained introduction into the Theorem of Groenewold and van Howe, which states that a naive transcription of Dirac’s quantisation rules cannot work. Some related issues in quantisation theory are also discussed. First-class constrained systems a briefly described in a slightly more ‘global’ fashion.1

teaching whether it is the type,method,subject or the content, is depended on the textbook to a very great extent and it is one of the most important elements of the learning procedures, and a flowing and updated interpretation for what is called the academic context for the method, and therefore the type and the quality of the textbook is from the issues that concerns those who care about the ...

Increased recognition of the disproportionately large contribution of newborn health to global child survival has fuelled efforts to address neonatal mortality in resource-limited settings. Stillbirths have not been as well studied despite the fact that more than 3 million stillbirths occur annually, a disease burden that approaches that of postnatal deaths. The poorest countries have the highe...

The new Allen Center for Business Activities is nearing completion between the Cohen House Faculty Club and the old wing of Baker College. The million dollar building was a gift f rom Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Allen. The center, to be finished in June, will house treasurer, cashier, accounting, campus business, and development offices. In addition, the building will be a temporary home for offices a...

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Theorem 1.1 (Hrushovski’s Theorem 3.5). Let G be a definable group, X a definable subset, and G̃ be the ∨-definable group generated by X. Suppose all this data is defined over a model M . Suppose μ is an M-invariant translation-invariant ideal on subsets of G̃. Let q be a wide type over M , contained in G̃. Identify q with its ∧-definable set of realizations. Suppose (F) there exist two realizatio...

As these authors observe, the sentences in (1) and (2) are similar in both form and meaning. The truncated clefts in (1) look like the clefts in (2) minus the cleft clause, and in the right contexts, each of the sentences in (1) can be used with the meaning of the corresponding sentence in (2). Following a question like Who went to Hamburg?, (1b) can be used to convey what (2b) conveys, and fol...

The interpretation of adjective-noun pairs plays a crucial role in tasks such as recognizing textual entailment. Formal semantics often places adjectives into a taxonomy which should dictate adjectives’ entailment behavior when placed in adjective-noun compounds. However, we show experimentally that the behavior of subsective adjectives (e.g. red) versus non-subsective adjectives (e.g. fake) is...

In treating the subject of musical language, a Persian musician would be intrinsically drawn to the structural similarities between the Persian music and language. Indeed Persian music and language are extremely related in their metrics, intonations and structural phrases (syntax). Although we will draw upon this relationship, our aim in this article is to present “music as a language,” c...

A space $Y$ is called an {em extension} of a space $X$, if $Y$ contains $X$ as a dense subspace. Two extensions of $X$ are said to be {em equivalent}, if there is a homeomorphism between them which fixes $X$ point-wise. For two (equivalence classes of) extensions $Y$ and $Y'$ of $X$ let $Yleq Y'$, if there is a continuous function of $Y'$ into $Y$ which fixes $X$ point-wise. An extension $Y$ ...