Northern-blot hybridization and low-scale sequencing have revealed that plants infected by viroids, non-protein-coding RNA replicons, accumulate 21-24 nt viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) similar to the small interfering RNAs, the hallmarks of RNA silencing. These results strongly support that viroids are elicitors and targets of the RNA silencing machinery of their hosts. Low-scale sequenci...

This introduction to the Special Issue of the CALICO Journal positions research in Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in the wider field of qualitative and quantitative approaches to research. It discusses the merits of the different approaches and links them to research paradigms that dominate the different subject areas constituting CALL research. The authors put forward arguments for...

ABSTRACT Cucurbit leaf curl virus (CuLCV), a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus previously partially characterized from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, was identified as a distinct bipartite begomovirus species. This virus has near sequence identity with the previously partially characterized Cucurbit leaf crumple virus from California. Experimental and natural host range stud...

alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) is one of the most conspicuous alfalfa viruses in the world. in order to identify the distribution, host range and molecular characterization of alfalfa mosaic virus in kerman province, 514 alfalfa samples showing mosaic, calico, mottle and malformation symptoms as well as 66 potato samples showing calico symptoms were collected from alfalfa and potato fields in kerm...

o me they are as beautiful as anything I know, " Georgia O'Keeffe said of the sun-bleached bones and skulls she found in the desert. " To me they are strangely more living than the animals walking around…. The bones seem to cut sharply to the center of something that is keenly alive on the desert even tho' it is vast and empty and untouchable—and knows no kindness with all its beauty " (1). The...