Novel [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) analogues containing benzo[b]thiophene (3a, 3b) and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (3c, 3d) were synthesized and characterized. The morphology of the thin films prepared from the mixtures of these methanofullerenes with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was investigated by AFM measurement and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. A solubility t...

Ultrathin ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (70%)-tetrafluoroethylene (30%) copolymer film is inserted between the poly3(hexylthiophene) (P3HT) donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methylester (PCBM) acceptor layers as the dipole layer to tune the relative energy levels, which can potentially maximize the open circuit voltage of bilayer organic solar cells. In this work, the power conver...

This paper analytically solves the Riccati equation of discrete optimal control with two targets and one tool. This is accomplished by reducing the problem to a nonlinear univariate dynamic equation; this can be solved by a suitable transformation of variable. Beyond its direct application to two-target economic problems, the present approach may provide insight toward the eventual solution of ...

This paper shows that the efficiency of relational contracting can be increased by reducing the public information through a novel intertemporalgarbling process of signals. A distinctive and essential feature of our intertemporalgarbling process is that past outputs have enduring effects on future signals. This process reduces the principal’s maximal reneging temptation by linking together the ...

Many separable dynamic incentive problems have primal recursive formulations in which utility promises serve as state variables. We associate families of dual recursive problems with these by selectively dualizing constraints. We make transparent the connections between recursive primal and dual approaches, relate value iteration under each and give conditions for such value iteration to be con...

This paper extends the recent investigation of Tahvonen and Withagen (1996, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 20, 1775}1795) for costly and thus sluggish instead of instantaneous reductions in emissions. In addition to the social optimum, the paper investigates the competitive equilibrium. This plausible extension allows to derive limit cycles as the outcome for both, the social optimum ...

This paper provides an easily verifiable sufficient condition for topological chaos for unimodal maps which can be satisfied when the well-known Li Yorke condition is not satisfied. It then shows how this result can be applied to a model of endogenous growth with externalities to establish the existence of chaotic equilibrium growth paths in that framework. Journal of Economic Literature Classi...

This paper shows that in a buffer stock saving model, wealth-to-income and other interesting variables have unique stable invariant distributions. Previously this ergodic property has only been conjectured and demonstrated numerically by means of simulations. The proof proceeds by extending earlier results about the existence and uniqueness of an ergodic distribution to Markov processes on non-...

During vacuum carburizing, coarse reticulated carbides tend to precipitate along grain boundaries due high-carbon-potential conditions. This phenomenon is often one of the main factors in failure conventional gear steels. In this paper, a novel solid-solution carburizing process was proposed achieve nano-carbide formation surface layer, and material thermodynamic calculations were combined stud...

We study the celebrated Phelps-Koopmans theorem in environments with nonconvex production technologies. We argue that a robust failure of the theorem occurs in such environments. Specifically, we prove that the Phelps-Koopmans theorem must fail whenever the net output of the aggregate production function f (x), given by f (x) − x, is increasing in any region between the golden rule and the maxi...