clostridium perfringens is an important cause of enteric diseases in both human and animals. the bacteria produce several toxins which play key roles in the pathogenesis of diseases and are classified into five toxin types, on the basis of the differential production of alpha, beta, epsilon and iota toxins. in this study a single pcr assay was developed and used for detection of cpb2 gene to id...

diphtheria is a fatal disease caused by exotoxin of corynebacterium     diphtheria .  this toxin consists of   two chains, catalytic chain (a) and binding (b) chain. by binding chain (b),   the toxin binds to its receptor on numerous body cells such as myocardial,   kidney and peripheral nerve cells. after entering, catalytic chain (a)   inhibits protein synthesis and finally can cause cell dea...

background: t-2 mycotoxin belongs to the trichothecene family and has damaging effects on the immune system. objective: to investigate the toxic effect of t-2 toxin on the percentage of peripheral blood b lymphocytes and the potential protective role of selenium and vitamin e. method: frequencies of b lymphocytes (cd19+ ) were analyzed after injection of sublethal doses of t-2 toxin into balb/c...

clostridium difficile has been recognized as the major cause of pseudomembranous colitis.this bacterium produces two toxins(an enterotoxin -cytotoxin and a potent cytotoxin called toxin A and toxin B erespectively).these toxins have implicated in pathogenesis of the disease.however,histopathological effects of their molecular mass less than 100KDa have been essayed.in the persent study,we exami...

Background: Use of botulinum toxin is becoming a popular way in treatment of some forms of strabismus.To evaluate the morphological changes in the orbital surface layer muscles of the rabbit eye following a single injection of botulinum toxin. Methods: 10 white Dutch rabbits weighing 2–3 kg received either 10 units (group 1; n=5) or 20 units (group 2; n=5) of botulinum toxin into the superior r...

Introduction and aim of the study: Botulinum toxin, produced by anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum family, is one most potent organic compounds known to man. Despite its toxicity, it has found widespread use in medicine. From applications aesthetic medicine, through treatment various disease entities, toxin become an extremely valuable tool hands doctors. The this study review latest rese...

background: the mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venoms are known to contain α-toxin peptides, many of which interfere with k+ ion channel function. these toxin peptides have important value in  the pharmacology and physiology studies of specific k+ channel of cells. objectives: given the  lack of information of the molecular biology of peptides in the toxin of iranian scorpions, the aim of this stud...

t-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin, is considered to be one of the most toxic compounds that are produced by molds, particularly the fusarium species. fusarium species have been recognized as a great agricultural problem. they occur worldwide on a variety of plant hosts and cereal grains. the aim of this study was to investigate t-2 toxin-induced liver injury using in situ perfused rat liver....

fusarium is a fungus that is commonly found as saprophytes with parasitic life on some living organisms. mycoprotein or fungus proteins with physical and chemical features are known as food in recent years. when they are involved in temperature and wet stress, release materials such as mycotoxins or fungus toxins remained in food. zearalenone and dependent compounds have distinct role in many f...