The basal ganglia, especially the ventral striatum, have been implicated in control of action based on motivation1,2,3,4. A prevalent view is that nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons carry reinforcement signals to modulate the cortico-striatal signal transmissions5,6,7. However, it is still unknown how such reinforcement signals affect the output of the striatum in relation to behavior. To answe...

Penetrating injuries of face are not uncommon. Bullets or pallets may be lodged anywhere in the cavities of skull as a result of firearm injury. Lodgment of a bullet within the orbit through nose is uncommon. An eighteen 18 years old married woman sustained a bullet injury, which entered through lateral wall of the nose and lodged at left orbital apex area. The bullet was removed endoscopically...

ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION COMPARISON, FORENSIC ANALYSIS: WEIGHING BULLET LEAD EVIDENCE 1 (2004) [hereinafter cited as NRC REPORT]; FBI National Press Office, National Academy of Sciences Releases FBI-commissioned Study on Bullet Lead Analysis, Feb. 10, 2004, available at http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel04/bullet021004.htm (“[s]ince the early 1980's this technique has been used in approximately ...

BACKGROUND Stray bullet shootings contribute to a sense of risk in affected communities but have rarely been studied. We describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of stray bullet shootings in the United States. METHODS We defined a case as a shooting event involving death or injury to a person and meeting criteria for a stray bullet mechanism of injury. From March 1, 2008, to February 28...

We prove that the spaces $\operatorname{tot}\big(\Gamma(\Lambda^\bullet A^\vee \otimes_R\mathcal{T}_{\operatorname{poly}}^{\bullet}\big)$ and A^\vee)\otimes_R\mathcal{D}_{\operatorname{poly}}^{\bullet}\big)$ associated with a Lie pair $(L,A)$ each carry an $L_\infty$ algebra structure canonical up to isomorphism identity map as linear part. These two serve, respectively, replacements for of for...

Arterial bullet embolization after a thoracic gunshot wound represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The absence of an apparent exit wound should alert the clinician. Cardiac bullet injuries are mostly fatal. However, in some cases, patients may remain stable, and conservative management can be an acceptable strategy. We present a case report of a 7.62- × 39-mm thoracic stray bullet t...