Cerebellar hemorrhage (CH) has a higher early mortality rate compared with other types of intracranial hemorrhage and the survivors often suffer from momentous disability. Hence, the prognostic factors of long-term outcome beyond 6 months after CH are clinically valuable, however only three studies were reported in the literature. Sixty-one patients with CH were retrospectively analyzed at leas...

The complications of carotid cavernous fistula include (1) intracerebral hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraorbital hemorrhage, epistaxis, and otorrhagia [1-4]; (2) blurred vision or loss of vision caused by secondary glaucoma, intraorbital hemorrhage, or other causes [1, 5] ; (3) cerebral ischemia due to steal of blood by the fistula [1 ]; (4) progressive proptosis [1, 5] ; (5) increased ...

A pontine intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) evokes several neurological symptoms, due to the various nuclei and nerve fibers; however, hearing loss from a pontine ICH is rare. We have experienced a non-traumatic pontine ICH patient, with hearing loss. A 43-year-old male patient had a massive pontine hemorrhage; his brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed the hemorrhage on the bilateral dorsal pon...

BACKGROUND Cavernomas are rare in the brainstem and account for 18-35% of central nervous cavernomas and can cause recurrent hemorrhages, devastating neurological deficits and mortality. OBJECTIVES To summarize the experience of microsurgical treatment of brainstem cavernomas and to investigate curative effect of microsurgical treatment of brainstem cavernomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retro...

Central hyperthermia is a very rare disease; however, once it happens, it is associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality for patients with severe brainstem strokes. Following a pontine hemorrhage, a 46-years-old female developed prolonged hyperthermia. Work-ups to the fever gave no significant clues for the origin of fever, and hyperthermia did not respond to any empirical antibiotics o...

BACKGROUND A group study for symptomatic cavernous malformation (CM) treated with gamma knife (GK) surgery was performed. METHODS A total of 298 cases collected from 23 GK centers across Japan were included. Hemorrhage was the most common manifestation, followed by seizures and neurological deficits. Most of the lesions were located in the brainstem and basal ganglia, followed by the cerebral...