traumatic brain injury (tbi) is physical damage to the brain structure which has a high global rate of mortality and morbidity. tbi can cause intense inflammatory response due to accumulation of leukocytes in cerebral matrix and activation of microglia. microglia can differentiate into m1 macrophages or m2 macrophages following the changes in biochemical properties of brain tissue. m1 sub type ...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is described by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma, which can potentially cause severe physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment. The use of human stem cells and self-assembling peptide scaffolds suggest huge potential for application in the treatment of TBI. In the present study, we surveyed the beneficial effec...

Introduction: Psychotropic drugs exert their effects, in part, by increasing neurotrophin levels in the brain. Nerve growth factor (NGF) protein levels after treatment with only a limited number of psychotropics have been determined. The present study was designed in order to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic administration of different psychotropic drugs on NGF protein levels in fiv...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an external mechanical injury to the brain. Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of TBI. Microglia and astrocytes play a central role in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. Numerous pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) released by microglia. In ...

Brain injuries that caused by strokes (result of intra partum ischemia) are a frequent cause of prenatal mortality and morbidity with limited therapeutic options. Transplanting human mesenchymal stem cells (hmscs) indicates improvement in hypoxic Ischemic brain injury (HIBD) by secretion growth factor stimulating repair processes (Hmscs) known as multi potent cells which isolated from bone marr...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common reason of brain tissue loss as a result of tumors, accidents, and surgeries. Renewal of the brain parenchyma is restricted by many reasons such as inimical substances produced as the result of trauma and also inflammatory responses. A strong cascade of inflammatory responses begins as a result of TBI which include recalling peripheral leukocytes into the...