Botulinum toxin (BTA) is a bacterial-derived extract that can inhibit muscle contraction, acting directly on the absorption of acetylcholine. Thanks to this property, botulinum has been used in aesthetic and general medicine for several years. Nowadays, use being deepened address problem bruxism. In scoping review, results studies literature last 10 years were analyzed. Indeed, 12 reports (foun...

Botulinum toxin (BoNT), being one of the most toxic substances known to mankind, due its unique mechanism action is used as an effective treatment for many diseases, including strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. BoNT has received particular use a long-acting analgesic ability inhibit exocytosis pain neuropeptides, CGRP, Substance P, modulate expression pain-related receptors TRPV1,...

botulinum toxin produced by clostridium butolinum in one of the most fatal toxins known. botulism is the name given to condition produced by this toxin. in recent years the diluted form of this toxin has been produced in injection form and used for treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm. this toxin blocks neuromuscular junction and inhibits acetylcholine release. in this article we rep...

The sensitivity of an enrichment culture procedure for detecting Clostridium botulinum type E in whitefish chubs (Leucichthys sp.) was assayed. Data demonstrated that fish inoculated with 10 or more viable C. botulinum spores regularly develop specifically neutralizable enrichment cultures. Mild heat treatment (60 C, 15 min) substantially reduced the sensitivity of enrichment culturing. This ef...

Botulinum neurotoxin injections are a valuable treatment modality for many therapeutic indications as well as in the aesthetic field for facial rejuvenation. As successful treatment requires repeated injections over a long period of time, secondary resistance to botulinum toxin preparations after repeated injections is an ongoing concern. We report five case studies in which neutralizing antibo...

Botulinum toxin type B was studied for the management of hyperkinetic facial lines. It showed clinical longevity of up to 12 weeks on subjective rating scales and 8 weeks on objective rating scales. Botulinum toxin type B has shown relative safety but can have autonomic side effects at higher total doses, which limits the possibility of continued dose escalation. Although these findings may pre...

A 56-year-old woman in Helena, Montana, USA, who showed clinical signs of paralysis, received antitoxins to botulinum toxins A, B, and E within 24 hours; nevertheless, symptoms progressed to complete quadriplegia. On day 8, she began moving spontaneously, even though blood tests later showed botulinum toxin type F remained.