brown spot disease caused by alternaria alternata (fr.: fr.) keissl is a serious problem forproduction of tangerines and tangerine hybrids in iran. the tangerine pathotype causes brownspot disease on young leaves and immature fruits of limited varieties of mandarins and tangerines(citrus. reticulata blanco). specificity in the interaction between tangerine and the pathogen isdetermined by a hos...

certain strains of staphylococcus aureus produce a toxin which cause epidermal exfoliation within 18 hours after direct subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection into newborn mice. the extracellular product responsible for exfoliation is termed exfoliative toxin (et). in the present studies a modified assay system has been developed for detection of exfoliativeactivity in toxin negative strains...

background: a variety of techniques for the management of spasticity have been suggested, including positioning, cryotherapy, splinting and casting, biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and medical management by pharmacological agents, botulinum toxin a (bta) is now the pharmacological treatment of choice in focal spasticity. bta by blocking acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions acco...

clostridium perfringens is an important cause of enteric diseases in both human and animals. the bacteria produce several toxins which play key roles in the pathogenesis of diseases and are classified into five toxin types, on the basis of the differential production of alpha, beta, epsilon and iota toxins. in this study a single pcr assay was developed and used for detection of cpb2 gene to id...

diphtheria is a fatal disease caused by exotoxin of corynebacterium     diphtheria .  this toxin consists of   two chains, catalytic chain (a) and binding (b) chain. by binding chain (b),   the toxin binds to its receptor on numerous body cells such as myocardial,   kidney and peripheral nerve cells. after entering, catalytic chain (a)   inhibits protein synthesis and finally can cause cell dea...

background: t-2 mycotoxin belongs to the trichothecene family and has damaging effects on the immune system. objective: to investigate the toxic effect of t-2 toxin on the percentage of peripheral blood b lymphocytes and the potential protective role of selenium and vitamin e. method: frequencies of b lymphocytes (cd19+ ) were analyzed after injection of sublethal doses of t-2 toxin into balb/c...

clostridium difficile has been recognized as the major cause of pseudomembranous colitis.this bacterium produces two toxins(an enterotoxin -cytotoxin and a potent cytotoxin called toxin A and toxin B erespectively).these toxins have implicated in pathogenesis of the disease.however,histopathological effects of their molecular mass less than 100KDa have been essayed.in the persent study,we exami...

Background: Use of botulinum toxin is becoming a popular way in treatment of some forms of strabismus.To evaluate the morphological changes in the orbital surface layer muscles of the rabbit eye following a single injection of botulinum toxin. Methods: 10 white Dutch rabbits weighing 2–3 kg received either 10 units (group 1; n=5) or 20 units (group 2; n=5) of botulinum toxin into the superior r...