Recently, diagnoses of and operations for medial orbital blowout fracture have increased because of the development of imaging technology. In this article, the authors review the literature, and overview the accumulated knowledge about the orbital anatomy, fracture mechanisms, surgical approaches, reconstruction materials, and surgical methods. In terms of surgical approaches, transcaruncular, ...

BACKGROUND High-resolution endoscopes and the advent of endoscopic instruments for sinus surgery provide surgeons with excellent endonasal visualization and access to the orbital walls. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate repair of orbital floor blowout fractures through an intranasal endoscopic approach that allows repair of the orbital floor fracture and elevation of the orbital content using a balloo...

The indications for surgical repair of the orbital blowout fracture are controversial. One reason may be case variation among fracture types. We therefore focused on linear-type blowout fractures in this study. The study included 22 consecutive patients with linear-type floor fractures. Demographics, clinical and computed tomographic (CT) findings, surgical timing, postoperative course, and out...

BACKGROUND Enophthalmos may not appear immediately after trauma due to periorbital swelling in a blowout fracture, and preoperative measurements of enophthalmos cannot be used as a reliable guideline. It is important to predict the eventual final extent of enophthalmos in order to determine whether to perform surgery, and there have been several attempts to predict the degree of late enophthalm...

A 40-year-old woman with no history of trauma or prior surgery presented to the emergency department with headache and left eye pain after nose blowing. Noncontrast maxillofacial computed tomography examination revealed an orbital floor fracture that ultimately required surgical repair. There are nontraumatic causes of orbital blowout fractures, and imaging should be obtained irrespective of tr...

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE Not all orbital fractures are associated with clinical signs of swelling, ecchymosis, and subconjunctival hemorrhage. The "white-eyed" blowout fracture is more commonly seen in children and is associated with entrapment of the extraocular muscles. Early surgical intervention is indicated and it must have been in the differential diagnosis of the head injury patient with opt...

BACKGROUND Blowout fracture is one of the most common facial fractures, and patients usually present with accompanying ocular complications. Many studies have looked into the frequency of persistent ocular symptoms, but there is no study on assault patients and related ocular symptoms. We evaluated the incidence of residual ocular symptoms in blow-out fractures between assaulted and non-assault...