background and objectives: anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic, tick borne rickettsial pathogen. a. phagocytophilum has been detected in north america, europe, africa and asia by molecular methods. in iran we have little information about the distribution of this agent in human and animals. materials and methods: from march 2007 to july 2007, one hundred and fifty blood samples and correspo...

establishment of a vector-borne disease. For example, tick-derived saliva factors appear to inhibit inflammatory cytokine secretion thus preventing efficient immune responses against tick-borne Rickettsia (4); a defined molecule in the saliva of the Aedes aegypti mosquito (SAAG-4) has the potential to alter the Th-profile of the bite-induced immune response likely rendering the host unable to e...

Healthcare workers have a high risk of occupational exposure, more so in developing countries, with high incidence of blood borne diseases and prevalence of unsafe practices. Among the various blood borne diseases, the most common and important ones are HIV infection, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Most of the occupational transmission can be prevented and the "standard precaution" has been show...

Abstract Background Increasing blood supply safety is one of the most important goals of blood services in the world. In this study, we reviewed the prevalence rate and the trends of three main infections in whole blood donations and strategies for improving blood safety in Yazd blood transfusion center, Iran. Materials and Methods In this cross sectional study, data on hepatitis B, C and ...

When children sustain injuries from needles discarded in public places, concerns arise about possible exposure to blood-borne viruses. The risk of infection is low, but assessment, counselling and follow-up of the injured child are needed. The present document reviews the literature concerning blood-borne viral infections after injuries from needles discarded in the community, and provides reco...

ingestion of infective metacercariae, attached to watercress or other various species of water and terrestrial plants, has been implicated as the main source of human contamination by fasciolid flukes. presence of several species of aromatic wild grown plants, which are eaten fresh on the table or used for preparation of some plant-made foods (delar, mixture of salt and ground local plants, as ...

The increasing threat of arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu (USUV) requires the fast efficient surveillance these viruses. examination mosquitoes takes up an important part; however, investigations are usually very time-consuming. An alternative sample type for arbovirus might be mosquito excreta. In order to determine excretion dynamics under laboratory conditions, colonies Ae...