This paper studies the differences between Crowns of Castile and Aragon in relationship monarchy universities Late Middle Ages. In case first Castilian universities, it nuances excessive importance that historiography has granted to monarchs their foundation instead stresses initiative came from bishops cathedral chapters before being seconded by royalty. It also describes changes royal interve...

Although sexual selection for elaborate signals is well documented in numerous species, the extreme diversity in signal design and expression in many taxa is largely unexplained. This thesis explores phylogenetic, mechanistic and ontogenetic explanations of divergence in two classic condition-dependent signal traits in the African widowbirds and bishops (Euplectes spp.); elongated black tails (...

Male breeding plumages of African widowbirds and bishops (Euplectes spp.) show striking variation in carotenoid-based plumage coloration, with saturated yellow or orange-red patches of different size. Yet, from observations and experiments, agonistic signaling appears to have been a generalized sexual selection pressure for redness in the genus. Recent results show that yellow and red widowbird...

The alliance of the Polish Catholic Church with Law and Justice (PiS) government has been widely reported resulted in significant benefits for Church. However, beginning mid-2016, top church leadership, including Episcopal Conference, distanced itself from condemned its use National Catholicism as legitimation rhetoric government’s malpractices fields human rights democracy. How to account this...

haptoglobin (hp) is a mammalian serum glycoprotein showing a genetic polymorphism with three types, 1-1, 2-2 and 1-2. hp appears to conserve the recycling of heme-iron by forming an essentially irreversible but non-covalent complex with hemoglobin which is released into the plasma by erythrocyte lysis. as an important consequence, haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex (hp-hb) shows considerable antiox...

[87] The acta which have come down to us from the sees of León are few, and the incidence of survival is uneven. The lesser bishoprics have left us very few indeed: we have only one from Coria, two from Ciudad Rodrigo, seven from Orense, twelve from Tuy, thirteen from Mondoñedo. Some of the more important bishoprics have produced almost as few: there are only nine from Salamanca, ten from Astor...