Melatonin and serotonin are endogenous neurotransmitters hormones produced by tryptophan metabolism. present in the heads, eyes, optic lobes, brains of various invertebrates. Insects produce melatonin via same pathways that vertebrates do. They pleiotropic signaling chemicals regulate a wide range physiological processes protect against disease environmental factors species. In insects, they fu...

1. Inflammatory phase, duration 1-2 days 2. Degenerative and vascularization phase, until day 14 after injury onset 3. Cell-stimulating, proliferative, and fibrotic phase, until day 28 after injury onset 4. Remodeling phase, up to 3 to 6 months after injury onset Inflammatory Phase Cryotherapy to the affected area Analgesic drugs such as acetaminophen based on pain intensity Elevation of the af...