We present a quantitative x-ray phase imaging method that can be readily implemented on existing x-ray microscopy facilities. This technique utilizes Fresnel zone plates both as imaging optical elements for magnification and as second-order grating structures for phase-shifting interferometry. By making high-resolution quantitative x-ray phase information widely available, we expect this work t...

We present a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microlens array on a glass substrate. By adjusting the temperature with indium tin oxide (ITO) microheaters, the properties of the individual microlenses are actively tuned without mechanical movement. We characterize the temperature-dependent changes of the microlenses by focal length and magnification measurements. Experimental results demonstrate that...

Plant aliveness is proven through laboratory experiments and special scientific instruments. In this paper, we aim to detect the degree of animation of plants based on the magnification of the small color changes in the plant’s green leaves using the Eulerian video magnification. Capturing the video under a controlled environment, e.g., using a tripod and direct current (DC) light sources, redu...

STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. PURPOSE The main purpose of this study was to clarify the range of magnification errors on digital plain radiographs and to determine if there is a correlation between the body mass index (BMI) of a patient and the magnification error. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE Most clinicians currently use digital plain radiography. This new method allows one to access images a...

The physiological tradition of biological research analyzes biological systems using reduced descriptions much as an engineer uses a ‘black box’ description of an amplifier. Simple models have been used by physiologists for a very long time. Physiologists have successfully analyzed a broad range of biological systems using a ‘device-oriented’ approach similar to the approach an engineer would u...

Background and aim: Considering the widespread development of implants in dental treatment plans, linear measurements on panoramic radiography are of especial importance. In the present study we investigated the effect of head misalignment up to 15° around vertical and horizontal axes on the magnification rate of digital panoramic radiography in each part of upper and lower jaws. Materia...

As our knowledge of biological processes advances, we are increasingly aware that cells actively position sub-cellular organelles and other constituents to control a wide range of biological processes. Many studies quantify the position and motion of, for example, fluorescently labeled proteins, protein aggregates, mRNA particles or virus particles. Both differential interference contrast (DIC)...

A general method of imaging organic and biological surfaces based on the photoelectric effect is reported. For the experiments, a photoelectron emission microscope was constructed. It is an ultrahigh vacuum instrument using electrostatic electron lenses, microchannel plate image intensifier, cold stage, hydrogen excitation source, and magnesium fluoride optics. The organic surfaces examined wer...