In this paper, bi-level programming is proposed for designing a competitive supply chain network. A two-stage stochastic programming approach has been developed for a multi-product supply chain comprising a capacitated supplier, several distribution centers, retailers and some resellers in the market. The proposed model considers demand’s uncertainty and disruption in distribution centers and t...

Bi-level programming techniques are developed to handle decentralized problems with two-level decision makers, leaders and followers, who may have more than one objective to achieve. This paper proposes a λ-cut and goal programming based algorithm to solve fuzzy linear multiple objective bi-level (FLMOB) decision problems. First, based on the definition of a distance measure between two fuzzy v...

This paper deals with inventory sharing in the context of a decentralized supply chain. The chain consists manufacturer who distributes set products through network independents Points Sale (POS). primary decision each player has to make is optimize its service level while maintaining minimum total cost. POS share their allowing transshipment enhance ability face demand and avoid shortages. pro...

This paper considers the transportation of prefabricated products in construction industry. Prefabricated can be transported by road transport or intermodal transport, latter which incurs lower carbon emissions. A contractor always selects mode with a cost rather than one emission. bi-level programming model was formulated to decide optimal subsidy for achieve lowest emissions while accounting ...