One of the most complicated decision making problems for managers is the evaluation of bank performance, which involves various criteria. There are many studies about bank efficiency evaluation by network DEA in the literature review. These studies do not focus on multi-level network. Wu (Eur J Oper Res 207:856–864, 2010) proposed a bi-level structure for cost efficiency at the first time. In t...

Abstract: Bi-level programming, a tool for modeling decentralized decisions, consists of the objective(s) of the leader at its first level and that is of the follower at the second level. Three level programming results when second level is itself a bi-level programming. By extending this idea it is possible to define multi-level programs with any number of levels. Supply chain planning problem...

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at evaluating the BI-RADS® classification accuracy in mammography. Additionally, the frequency of different findings was described and the interobserver agreement was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mammographic images of 115 patients were independently and blindly reviewed by two specialists in compliance with BI-RADS recommendations, and later compared...

this paper presents a fuzzy goal programming (fgp) methodology for solving bi-level quadratic programming (blqp) problems. in the fgp model formulation, firstly the objectives are transformed into fuzzy goals (membership functions) by means of assigning an aspiration level to each of them, and suitable membership function is defined for each objectives, and also the membership functions for vec...

Ultrasound imaging plays an important role in breast lesion differentiation. However, diagnostic accuracy depends on ultrasonographer experience. Various computer aided diagnosis systems has been developed to improve breast cancer detection and reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies. In this study, our aim was to improve breast lesion classification based on the BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Repor...

abstract pythium aphanidermatum is one of the most important agent of root and foot rot of cucumber, particularly in the warm humid climate. induction of host resistance by microorganisms or by the synthetic compounds is recently considered as one of the biological control method of disease. trichoderma harzianum bi is a good candidate for induction of resistance in plant against diseases. the ...

  Bi-level programming, a tool for modeling decentralized decisions, consists of the objective(s) of the leader at its first level and that is of the follower at the second level. Three level programming results when second level is itself a bi-level programming. By extending this idea it is possible to define multi-level programs with any number of levels. Supply chain planning problems are co...

We present a new bi-level image compression coder that does not use arithmetic encoding, but whose performance is close to that of state-of-the-art coders such as JBIG, JBIG-2, and JB2. The proposed bi-level coder (BLC) uses two simple adaptation rules: the first to compute context-dependent probability estimates that control a pixel prediction module, and the second to adjust a run-length para...

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