This paper considers the linguistic indicators of bias in political text. We used Amazon Mechanical Turk judgments about sentences from American political blogs, asking annotators to indicate whether a sentence showed bias, and if so, in which political direction and through which word tokens. We also asked annotators questions about their own political views. We conducted a preliminary analysi...

We argue that the political effects of negativity bias are narrower than Hibbing et al. suggest. Negativity bias reliably predicts social, but not economic, conservatism, and its political effects often vary across levels of political engagement. Thus the role of negativity bias in broad ideological conflict depends on the strategic packaging of economic and social attitudes by political elites.

This document defines the competencies that a trainee should acquire during the training period, and subsequently maintain and enhance throughout their professional life. It lists how the competencies may be taught, learnt and assessed in training. It is a statement of the minimum level of competency expected on entering core training and at the end of training. It therefore covers the topics t...

In this paper, we measure the political bias of newspapers in China and investigate the determinants of this bias. Based on the content of 110 general-interest Chinese newspapers from 1998 to 2011, we construct a measure of newspaper political bias. We find that, in addition to serving as a top-down communication device, the political bias of newspapers is used by the Chinese government to moni...

Research on political communication effects has enjoyed great progress over the past 20 years. A key ingredient underlying these advances is the increased usage of experiments that demonstrate how communications influence opinions and behaviors. A potential problem with nearly all of these studies, however, concerns the lack of attention to events that occur prior to the experiment—that is, “pr...

We examine the incentives for countries to go to war as they depend on the comparison of how much their pivotal decision-makers have at risk compared to how much they stand to gain from a war. How this ratio compares to the country at large is what we term “political bias”. If there is no political bias (a case that we loosely relate to a “pure democracy”), then there are always payments that o...