The first modern municipal work in Ottoman Empire was applied Istanbul. It started provinces through 1864 Regulation (Tuna Vilayet Nizamnamesi) as a part of administrative arrangements and improved 1867 hereby. main duties municipalities that period were public cleaning, construction, examination markets bazaars, firefighting, protecting social health. took place mostly harbour trade cities. Mu...

Tarhana is a popular traditional Turkish cereal-based fermented food product mainly produced at home or at home-scale level. Some certain mould species can grow even at low moisture and pH values and produce aflatoxins in food. This study was conducted to determine aflatoksin levels in tarhana. For this purpose, a total of 138 tarhana powder samples were collected from bazaars in Istanbul and a...

Because household-based survey designs are notoriously ineffective in studying hard-to-reach groups such as irregular migrants, these groups, however numerically large they may be, are rarely represented in demographic analyses. In this article, we report on the application of a workplace-based stratified probability sampling design (a variant of the time-location sampling approach), response r...

as aromatic stimulants or purgatives, it is probable that some substitutes might be procured from our Indian Materia Medica ; and I therefore forward a list of the component parts shewing how the Tincture could be made out of ingredients obtainable in our Bazaars, with the exception, I must confess, of the two principal articles in it, viz., the quinine and the spirit. But of these the latter i...

Phenolote, Smith, Stanistreet & Co.'s Cooper's Fluid McDougall's Soluble No. 5 Carbolic ? Disinfecting Fluid Creolin, Jeye's Pearson's Antiseptic Lysol Little's Soluble Phenyle Kill-germ Lawe's Disinfectant Fluid Essett's Fluid Zotel, Burgoyne Burbidge & Co.'s Germocene Bactox Carbolic Acid Lozar Rowan's Fluid Lysoform Eukotas Antozone Sanitas Fluid Phenyle imitations, without brand,' usually s...

gives one the charming scenery of the Greek Islands, Asia Minor and Syria. Some ships go alternately by routes (2) and (3). I met a man, indeed, who was trying a fourth way by the Turkish Railway through Asia Minor, and then from Constantinople by the Orient Express, which is practically overland all the way. Cairo, where I had arranged to meet my party, is not only rich in ancient mosques, chu...