promise de port fort is an useful legal basic for justification many civil and commercial transactions. such as bank guaranties, insurance and guaranty of things it divides two legal relations, relation between parties if third party not ratify and relation with third party if she or he ratify that promise. unlike its appearance, it, is not violation the principle of relativity of contracts. be...

arising of loss entitles the third party to the compensation. in this respect, more often than not, the entitlement of the third party finds its justification based on voluntary principles and sometimes based on involuntary ones. if the third party cannot find defense based on voluntary principles, he or she has to resort to involuntary ones. the possibility of multiple compensation methods cou...

background: the newborn’s first bath, performed in neonatal intensive care units (nicu), is believed to be a stressful situation, especially for the premature infants. as a developmental care approach, swaddle bathing is a low-stress bathing method for vulnerable preterm neonates. given the limited number of the studies examining this bathing method, the present study was conducted with the aim...

the theory of efficient breach states that it is socially useful to breach a contract whenever the breach would leave no party worse off, while leaving at least one party better off. in other words, economic analyses of breach are mainly concerned with situations in which breach is pareto-superior, rather than just overall profit-maximizing. in contrast with moral theories that hold that breach...