This article describes some methods of constructing basic functions with certain differential properties, on which generalized trigonometric are given. Functions properties considered, and the construction such through Fourier coefficients a decreasing order; combinations both also possible. It is shown that class wide enough to coordinate choice these for research.

In the present research, the effects of delamination size and location on vibration characteristics of laminated composite beams are investigated both analytically and numerically. In the analytical method, the delaminated beam is modeled as four interconnected Euler–Bernoulli beams and the constrained and free mode models are both simulated. The differential stretching and the bending-extensio...

In this chapter, we present distance mapping, a technique for adding small-scale displacement mapping to objects in a pixel shader. We treat displacement mapping as a ray-tracing problem, beginning with texture coordinates on the base surface and calculating texture coordinates where the viewing ray intersects the displaced surface. For this purpose, we precompute a three-dimensional distance m...

In this paper, we propose a numerical method based on the generalized hat functions (GHFs) and improved hat functions (IHFs) to find numerical solutions for stochastic Volterra-Fredholm integral equation. To do so, all known and unknown functions are expanded in terms of basic functions and replaced in the original equation. The operational matrices of both basic functions are calculated and em...

Our goal in this section is to define and develop the six basic trigonometric functions. We start with two of the more important transcendental functions, namely the sine function and the cosine function. These are universally denoted by y = sinx and y = cos x respectively. In order to define sinx and cosx, we first need to agree on how we are going to measure angles. An angle, θ, consists of t...

We use the following convention: x, t, t1, t2, r, a, b are real numbers and F , G are partial functions from R to R. Let F be a partial function from R to R and let t be a real number. We say that t is a period of F if and only if: (Def. 1) t 6= 0 and for every x holds x ∈ domF iff x+t ∈ domF and if x ∈ domF, then F (x) = F (x+ t). Let F be a partial function from R to R. We say that F is perio...

The notion of function is indispensable to our understanding of distinctions such as that between being broken and being in working order (for artifacts) and between being diseased and being healthy (for organisms). A clear account of the ontology of functions and functioning is thus an important desideratum for any top-level ontology intended for application to domains such as engineering or m...