this review article investigates a comprehensive description of the factors, methods, strategies, approaches and prerequisites influencing in vitro micropaopagation and the amount of their use across the world. the findings presented here are the results of the study of several hundred papers published all over the world. tissue culture techniques are routinely used for micropropagation. enhanc...

An efficient In vitro protocol was established for callogenesis from various plant parts (Leaf, stem, flower bud and tendril) of Passiflora vitifolia Kunth. On Murashige Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with concentration auxins (NAA, IAA, 2,4-D) cytokinins (BAP Kn ). Different concentrations (0.5 to 4 mg/L), IAA 2mg/L), NAA 2 mg/l) cytokinin BAP mg/L) were assessed callus induction. Growth...

Phytohormones exhibit a wide range of chemical structures, though they primarily originate from three key metabolic precursors: amino acids, isoprenoids, and lipids. Specific such as tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, arginine, contribute to the production various phytohormones, including auxins, melatonin, ethylene, salicylic acid, polyamines. Isoprenoids are foundation five phytohormone c...

Introduction The plant hormones auxins and cytokinins play a major role in the regulation of development and growth, in part through affecting cell division [ 11. A well-documented model system to study cell division and the involvement of phytohormones are protoplasts. For example, tobacco-leaf-mesophyll protoplasts will not divide unless an auxin and a cytokinin are added to the culture mediu...

How do plants determine the number of dividing cells required to optimise root growth and ensure seedling establishment? The signals auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin control the balance between cell division and differentiation by regulating SHY2.

A continuous growth apparatus was used to measure the effect of cytokinin on auxin-induced elongation. The soybean hypocotyl segments elicited a bi-phasic response to auxin that appeared to be two overlapping responses. The first response, which began 12 min after auxin addition, was not inhibited by cytokinin, even after long preincubation in cytokinin, but the second response to auxin, which ...